英國課程dissertation范文：如何以市場為基礎來實施船舶減排 

 1. Market-based approach for implementation of abatement measures
以市場為基礎的方式來實施減排措施
The different alternative incentive regime options that exist for curbing emissions from ships were assessed. Alternative instruments were assessed related to their possible effects on the different GHG emissions abatement measures, and the prospects of implementing the instruments world wide or at least among Annex I-countries (i.e. industrialised countries committed to emissions targets according to the Kyoto Protocol).
不同的替代品存在，對制止船舶排放的激勵機制進行了評估。替代工具，至少涉及到不同的溫室氣體減排措施，其可能產生的影響和實施儀器在世界各地的前景進行了評估，對附件一國家（即根據”京都議定書”,工業化國家承諾的減排目標）。

Implementing policy instruments to limit GHG emissions from international shipping industry should contribute to global, cost-effective emission reductions. Thus, abatement measures in the shipping industry should only be implemented if the marginal costs are equal to or lower than the marginal abatement costs in other sectors.
因此，航運業的減排措施應只可實施邊際成本等于或低于其他部門的邊際減排成本。

Regimes addressed were
解決制度：
•  Environmental indexing.
環境索引
•  A voluntary agreements programme.
自愿協議計劃
Voluntary agreements were not found to be a viable approach to obtain significant global GHG emissions from international shipping.
•  Carbon charges on bunker fuels.
掩體燃料的碳費
Common carbon charges were not found to be a viable option.
•  Emission standards. Emission standards are considered to a feasible http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  option. However, it should be carefully concerned whether such measures are cost effective to reduce GHG emissions.
排放標準。排放標準被認為是一個可行的選項。但是，應該仔細關注這些措施是否符合成本效益，以減少溫室氣體的排放量。

•  Emission trading. Allocation of emissions allowances to ship owners was not found to be a viable option. A system for creating emission credits may however be a possible way of including international shipping in a general emission trading system.
排放交易。分配排放配額沒有被發現是一個可行的選項。然而，建立排放配額的系統包括國際運費一般排放交易系統也是一個可行的辦法。

The case study and modal comparison performed show that there are several technical and operational measures that could be implemented to limit GHG emissions from ships. Reduction of speed is identified as the single measure that results in highest emissions reductions.#p#分頁標題#e#
Implementation of new and improved technology is identified as the second best approach to reduce emissions, in terms of technical emissions reduction potential.
實施新的和改進的技術被確定為第二個最好的辦法，以減少排放技術減排潛力。

However, our forecasts indicates that total emissions from international shipping will increase even if most of the identified measures are implemented, due to expected growth in the world economy and thus expected increase in demand for international freight services. Taking into account the conclusion of the assessment of market-based approaches there seems to be no feasible effective policy instruments that could lead to reduced speed, it seems inevitable that total emissions from international shipping will increase in the years to come.
考慮到以市場為基礎的方法評估結論，似乎沒有可行的有效政策工具，可能會導致速度降低，這似乎是不可避免的，從國際航運的排放總量在今后的歲月里將增加。

This is in line with forecasts for other transport modes. OECD, 1999 indicates a similar development for CO2 emissions from land-based transport and aviation. Our analysis shows that sea transport is the most GHG benign freight transport mode. It is also our understanding that there may be more technical options for GHG emission reductions in international shipping than in most other transport modes. Technical improvements on hull and machinery on new ships could lead to emission reductions, and thus reduce the growth in future emissions.
這也是我們的理解，有可能是更多的技術選擇比大多數其他交通工具，在國際航運中為減少溫室氣體排放。可能導致對新船的船體和機器的技術改進減少排放量，從而降低未來排放的增長。

The different transport modes are closely inter-linked, and dependent on each other. Thus, measures to curb GHG emissions should be co-ordinated between the different transport modes, to avoid policies that are not cost effective and only contributes to move transport from one mode to another with no effects on overall, global emissions.
不同運輸方式有著密切的相互聯系，互相依賴。

On this background, and in the light of the ongoing ratification process of the Kyoto Protocol, the following strategy for policy implementation for IMO to curb GHG emissions could be feasible
在此背景下，并在正在進行的IMO政策實施以下策略，遏制溫室氣體排放的“京都議定書”，目前正在批準過程中是可行的：

1.  Explore the interests for entering into voluntary agreement on GHG emission limitations between the IMO and the ship owners.
2.  Start working on how to design emission standards for new and possibly also existing vessels.
3.  Pursue the possibilities of credit trading from additional abatement measures implemented on new and possibly also existing vessels#p#分頁標題#e#

This could be a strategy that could meet several outcomes of the ratification process of the Kyoto Protocol, and in the short-term contribute to implementation of some of the cheapest abatement measures on new and existing ships. It will also ensure co-ordination with the use of policy instruments towards other transport modes to curb emissions.
這可能是一種策略，能夠滿足一些成果，“京都議定書”的批準進程，并在短期內有助于實施一些新的和現有船舶上最廉價的減排措施。它還將確保統籌運用政策手段對其他交通工具，以遏制溫室氣體排放。