A Complex Model of the QDA Process

一個QDA進程的復雜模型

The diagram in Figure 3 is a model of the features of the QDA process, and how a computer program fits into this process. It incorporates and builds on the basic Noticing, Collecting, Thinking process that I have been discussing.  This diagram consists of four parts:

QDA過程的功能，圖3中的圖表是一個模型計算機程序如何裝入這個過程。從它集成的基礎上可以看到我一直在討論的注意，收集，思考過程。此圖由四部分組成：

1. Arrows   which represent the basic Notice, Collect, Think process described in the previous section.

2. Three Boxes which represent the three basic processes of The Ethnograph: Import and Number, Code a Data File, and Search for Coded Segments.

3. A large box with rounded corners   that represents analytic “discoveries.”

4. Light curving lines with arrows   .  These represent the iterative and   http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  recursive aspects of QDA.

The Processes of Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about Things

The large arrows represent the basic processes of qualitative data analysis:

大箭頭代表定性數據分析的基本流程：

Collect Data.

數據收集

Notice interesting things in your data.

Collect sets of those interesting things.

Think about those interesting things.

Write a report about those things.

Three of these (Notice, Collect, and Think) were discussed in the first part of this appendix.  The other two arrows represent the entry and exit points of the process (Collect Data and Write a Report). 

這三個（注意，收集，思考）將在本附錄的第一部分討論。其他兩個箭頭代表入口和出口點的過程（收集數據并寫一份報告）。

 

While the placement of these arrows suggests that the process is progressive and linear, the diagram preserves the nonlinear, iterative, and recursive aspects of the process as discussed in the previous section.

The Basic Procedures of The Ethnograph

The boxes represent the basic procedures of The Ethnograph (Import and Number Files, Code

Data Files, and Search for Coded Segments).  For an overview of these procedures see Chapter 4:

Quick Tour.  

1. Import and Number Data Files:  This procedure takes data files that you have created (using either your word processor, or the Ethnograph Editor), and transforms them into “numbered” data files that The Ethnograph can process. These are the basic data records that you read and analyze.  

NOTE: Later, when I talk about going back to Import and Number, I mean going back to the data records you previously created when you ran the Import and Number procedure, not the Import and Number process itself.#p#分頁標題#e#

注：后來，當我談到返回輸入及數字時，我的意思是要回到你以前創建的數據，當你到輸入和數字的過程時，不是導入和號碼本身的數據記錄。

2. Code Data Files:  This procedure facilitates the process of identifying and naming interesting things in your data files.  The differently shaped and shaded boxes inside of this figure represent the various types of things you might notice and code in your data.  At this point you are still dealing with an undifferentiated mass of coded data.

在這一點上，你還在處理未分化的編碼數據的質量。

3. Search for Coded Segments:  The next step is to bring order to your data.  This means disassembling and reassembling the data set based on your coding scheme.  We also call this process “sorting and sifting” your data.  This makes it easier for you to closely examine, and compare and contrast, things that you notice in your data. This process is represented by the orderly display of shaded boxes in the figure.

此過程的有序顯示在圖中的陰影框表示。

The Swirls and Eddies of the Analysis Process

分析過程中的漩渦

The light curving arrows represent the swirls and eddies of qualitative data analysis. Analysis does not just happen. It evolves and develops in an iterative and recursive fashion.  As the analysis develops you learn to think differently about the data you have already collected. As you progress through the various steps in the process you are constantly returning to previous steps.  

在這個過程中，你通過各種步驟前進，又會不斷地返回之前的步驟。

Coding Influences Coding and Analysis

編碼影響編碼分析

The initial coding work that you do (represented by the Code Data Files box) helps you notice new things in your data. Notice the arrow that goes from this box back to the Import and Number Files box. This arrow is labeled Read.  This means that you need to read your original data files again. The act of coding changes both the original data and your relationship to that data.  As you start to code you will discover other things to notice and code. 

編碼同時改變原始數據和該數據關系的行為。當你開始編寫，你會發現其他的東西需要注意和編碼。

 

 

Searching Influences Coding and Analysis

搜索影響編碼和分析

The initial sorting and sifting has three effects:

1. It leads to revisions in your coding scheme. This is represented by the arrow that goes from the box labeled Search for Segments to the box labeled Code Data Files. 

2. It helps you notice new things in your data.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Search for Segments box to the Import and Number Files box. #p#分頁標題#e#

3.  It facilitates the process of thinking and making discoveries. 

The Emergence of Discoveries

Discoveries emerge in many ways and can take many forms.  

Sometimes discoveries emerge from the sorting and sifting process

Sometimes discoveries emerge from simply examining the coded transcript. 

This latter path is represented by the dark arrow going from the Code Data Files Box to the Discoveries box.  

Some types of discoveries are represented in the Discoveries box     at the lower right hand corner of the diagram.  Discoveries can be patterns, sequences, processes, wholes, classes, types, and categories.  

Discoveries Influence Coding and Analysis

The initial discoveries that you make are preliminary and provisional. They have two effects on data analysis.  

1. They help you notice new things in your data.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Discover Box to the Import and Number Files box.    

2. They suggest revisions to your existing code map.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Discoveries box to the Code Data Files box.

Codes as Heuristic Tools

啟發式工具的代碼

This essay has been premised on the idea that code words in QDA are primarily heuristic tools. 

Earlier in this essay I alluded to an objectivist-heuristic continuum for understanding code words. 

While this distinction has been described elsewhere (Kelle and Seidel, 1995), I would like to make a few remarks about this distinction in the conclusion to this essay.

雖然這種區別已在別處（凱樂和賽德爾，1995年），我想這種區別在結束這篇文章說幾句。

First, following on a previous discussion (Kelle and Seidel, 1995) I want to make it clear that I am not talking about code words per se.  Code words are not inherently objectivist or heuristic.  Rather, these are terms  that describe how we think about, and make use of, code words in QDA.  

Second, I am not talking about an either/or distinction.  In any given research project some code words might be more “objective” and others more “heuristic.”  Further, some code words might be used for both purposes. Depending on your analytic style and purpose you might gravitate toward one or the other use of code words.  

根據你分析的風格和目的，你可能會傾向于一種或另一種使用的碼字。

But I do think that the tradition in QDA is primarily to treat code words as heuristic tools rather than objective representations of facts.  A tendency to treat code words “objectively” is, at best, problematic.

但我認為QDA傳統治療主要是碼字作為啟發式的工具，而不是對事實的客觀陳述。 “客觀”的傾向，對待碼字，在最好的情況下，是有問題的。#p#分頁標題#e#