The British public project management mode

[abstract] from decision, government procurement system, contract management and construction management, professional system four aspects of the British public comments project management mode. Britain's "value for money" decision concept, bidding system and it professionals system to reduce rent-seeking behavior, and reduce government and the contractor of information asymmetry between. The establishment of the system of guarantee the British public project management effectively and clean. This paper turn from

The article, further discussed.

Key words: public projects, content is worth somewhat, rent-seeking, bidding, contract, professional people

In recent years, our country the government to take a positive fiscal policy, which brought the government investment amount of rapid growth. At the same time, in the public investment projects but have a some chaos phenomena, such as "shoddy school" project, "SanChao" engineering and construction funds appropriated a serious incident. Huge amount of government investment projects and the actual problems emerging in the work of all our public project management pattern set the new request.

Britain in public investment management field is a pioneer, the British public project management mode for we learn from foreign advanced experience of management, reform and perfection of our public project management has a very important significance. This paper from the government decision-making, government procurement system, construction management and contract management, professional system four aspects of the British public comments project management mode. This paper turn from

A. Decision system

In Britain, public investment projects mainly from voters pay taxes, the long-term development of the democratic thought makes up of, by, and to the people of the idea thorough popular feeling. From citizens to the government officials think: the public project money from citizens pay taxes, the government is only public money managers, not owners, and public investment project investment should taxpayers to the interests of the basis, make investment "value for money" (value for money).

Make of taxpayer money to spend "value for money" is in the government in the UK investment decision a core idea, the idea has become the ultimate goal of government investment decisions. All the goods and services of the public procurement has to realize "worth" as the foundation, and justice to obey the law. For taxpayers to realize "value for money" key lies in public projects effectively use resources, keep the suppliers, the contractor and service provider in government procurement market fully competitive, the resource allocation to can provide high quality and low cost of products and services of producers and suppliers hands. And there is a public project construction owner "absence of problems, the government department although theoretically just as money managers, but its great power, the government department permission of inflation is too, may bring serious" set rent "behavior, then lead to the contractor, supplier" rent-seeking ", leading to power for the trade, government and contractors to get together damage the interests of the taxpayer, "worth" become a bosh.#p#分頁標題#e#

It is in order to really realize "worth", Britain in the public project management, the use of the bidding system to ensure adequate competition, avoid or reduce the public investment project of rent-seeking behavior; Use the professionals system in order to solve the government contractor and the information asymmetry between the question, the system arrangement in the hundred years of developing constantly improve, promote the improvement of the system of the people's of updating ideas and perfect, in turn promote the development of the system, thus in the public investment process more and more close to the "value for money" decision goal.

Public investment has particularity in its investment objective, cost benefit measurement, property constrain in private investment and completely different, in order to achieve "value for money" decision-making purposes, make corresponding laws and regulations is an essential job. Britain in the process of management even sacrifice efficiency, and to ensure that according to the rules, such, can effectively avoid the human factors, ruled out the purpose of the different interests management interference, ensure that the government investment desired goal

2. The British government purchasing system

The current international confirmed the government procurement system originated in Europe, as early as in 1782 Britain was set up the government procurement agencies, the central departments purchasing activities are in the policy guidance, through long-term development evolution, especially in the 1973 British join after European Community, and gradually formed a set of relatively complete government procurement system and operation rules. From the government procurement agencies to see, the British central departments and local governments have the power to purchase, independently bear this department, this in the procurement of affairs, the Treasury as the government procurement of coordination and lead agency main up management role.

1. The British government procurement mechanism

Britain is a set of government guidance, budget control, department responsible for decision-making, personal, parliament supervision system of purchasing, government procurement must realize the content is worth somewhat, requires all government procurement authority within the scope of the departments and institutions to enforce. In the policy guidance, the government procurement activities are a self decision-making, and may, according to the need of the department to purchase, but the procurement action must be controlled in financial expenditure authorization, within the scope of the all expenses to parliament is responsible for. The Treasury to pass a budget and loan needs to determine the income, and puts forward a year over the next three years of public expenditure "total amount control" budget, and in each department spending and emergency standby funds to the distribution of the total amount control between advice (namely "supply estimate"), reported a year after parliamentary scrutiny in the "public spending clients sentiment" to solve the funds. House of Commons voted through the budget, the parliament further through the "funding regulations", and with the rules give each department formal power; Authorized by the parliament, the various government departments may expenses, such as necessary but also through the "supplementary budget" arrange certain special funds. The department of the Treasury authorized spending in a certain range can dominate use, but for large projects and special projects with the Treasury funds expenditure usually need group to negotiate. Each department has a accounting officials, responsible for the public financial order and regulations, and ensure financial expenditure comprehensive and reasonable. In addition, a public accounts committee for the government and parliament accounts for review and supervision and national audit office of public accounts committee and supervise, the department mutual constraint. And the national audit office is completely independent of the government department, the governor appointed by the queen in person, directly responsible to the parliament. The staff also is not civil servants, its fiscal and institutions are completely independent from administration department. The whole operation mechanism see chart (1)#p#分頁標題#e#

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British government procurement system is through mandatory bidding this? Ground chew word di value ⒐  close by S Xiang bells  inclined Tun volunteers working  bask in fierce ground rural hittites right Yun sheng exhausting the  [τ fan's here   gave Nao disregard the sun brown Qian  suppression of  arc? In 782, the first set up the stationery mpua, as a special government departments responsible for needed the sourcing organization of office supplies. Later development of materials for lg, special purchasing government departments all the materials, the department is to build up a public tender this purchase forms of development to lay the foundation. . The traditional English bidding process may be divided into so several stages: the pre-qualification to prepare the tender documents issued the tender documents, and the book of tender and field inspection of the modified to answer questions and submission of tenders, and accept tender and bid opening bid, and sign the contract.

2. The procurement mechanism to avoid or reduce the rent-seeking phenomenon

The procurement mechanism to avoid the generation of rent-seeking behavior because the system arrangement can increase of rent-seeking behavior economic and system cost (system cost should be rent seekers to break the system will pay the economic cost, and other aspects of loss or if this system in the play is subject to economic and other aspects of the sanctions), make rent seekers in the process from the rent-seeking income is less than the cost (the costs include system costs), and rent seekers will give up rent-seeking behavior and to go for a productive activities. Britain's purchasing system arrangement is such that the increasing cost of rent seekers:

(1) the procurement organization setup is mutually separation and restrict each other-financial authorization and buy authorized phase separation, censorship and actuators phase separation; The branches of government procurement behavior by the ministry of finance and the parliament, public accounts committee, the national audit office of supervision and restraint, public accounts committee by the parliament and constraint, the national audit office is independent, but directly to the queen is responsible for. In this mutual constraint system, for rent-seeking speakers, his rent-seeking cost is very large, often want to rent-seeking successful will make that restricts each other government agencies collective corruption, and this for enterprise are not capable of. To put it under, the cost of its corruption is very high, directly on the parliament or the queen is responsible for the cost of the corruption is very big.

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(2) British citizen democratic consciousness very strong, "value for money" idea thorough popular feeling, officials have the opinion of the high cost of rent.

(3) compulsory purchase system and procedure of the system to elastic smaller, increased the cost of rent-seeking, this is why Britain would rather sacrifice efficiency also want to follow the rules, reasons.#p#分頁標題#e#

It is through the system arrangement in the realized the government procurement of efficient and honest and clean, to avoid the rent-seeking phenomenon occurs, make similar to our "shoddy school" project, "SanChao" project to reduce and eliminate.

3. Construction management and engineering contract management

The British public the construction of the project construction management mainly reflects in the project, and management in the process of construction, mainly by market mechanism. Strict bidding system guarantee a contractor in technology, management, qualifications and credit standing is reliable, the British government used PSA (Property Service Agency) way of management of the construction of the professional consultation institutions entrusted by the professional personage to responsible for the control of an important technology link, engineering quality, technology, safety, cost responsibility is very clear. Because professional personage of risk responsibility system, infinite economic responsibility and liability insurance system constraints, form the whole engineering consulting industry personnel must be responsible to the government to, to owner responsible operation mechanism. It is so, the government to put public the construction of the project to the society to management, reduce the government sector participation, the government power and the reduction in reduces the possibility of a rent. From the above we can see that introduced: the English public project management follow the principle that can split from the public project to manage the market as far as possible through the market for the management, and to reduce the possibility of a government rent. By government departments must manage the, the strict examination and approval system and supervision system, increase "rent-seeking" and "set rent" cost.

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Britain is the birthplace of the modern contract management, one of general contract with the basis of project management mode is nearly 200 years of history. The British public project does not have special contract text, also is the UK's two standard contract format, namely the British society of civil engineers (ICE) prepare for the civil engineering construction contract clause "template and the royal institute of architects (JCT) establishment of the construction standard contract terms". ICE on the terms of the contract and is to belong to a fixed unit price contract format, with the amount of actual finish the book of tender and the unit price to control project total cost. And, with a price contract JCT the form, of course, the total price is certain engineering change with the changes that can be, when project implementation process is actually completed project contract of engineering quantity of increase is as engineering change and adjust the amount of total price accordingly.

Four. Professional system

British construction professionals including licensed architects, engineers, chartered surveyors franchise and franchise built division. They either in public or in private project project play a very important role. In the project feasibility study, investment estimation, contract, construction and completed a series of settlement in the process of professional figure. In public investment project, professionals on their own professional knowledge and good professional ethics for public projects of micro management responsibilities.#p#分頁標題#e#

1. The British professional access and review this paper the turn

The British government is not responsible for the professional qualification administration, but rather through a set of strict registration system to identify and awarded the professional qualification as, by the professional society of professional association or access to a strict audit, access to its practice ability, after professional personal integrity for regular evaluation.

For example of Chartered Surveyors work (equivalent to our project cost division) from belong to the Royal charter Surveyors society (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors-RICS) the independent of the owner and the contractor's organization. The work of the surveyors access system is very strict, ask its has graduated from university (or equivalent) level, and after 2 years of record on-the-job training, ultimately through Professional ability test (Assessment of Professional Competence) qualified. After graduation from university students in in the company learns to recognize the work can learn to apply for to enter oneself for an examination professional ability test. Once approved will record a day's work and business presentation analysis, by special supervision for weekly inspection, 10 August after the mid-term report, last through the professional qualification appraisal committee review only then has the qualification examination. In addition, chartered surveyors are not for life. After the expiration of this, must learn to accept the application for extension to the audit of the accepted or not again after acceptance. If the practice process have been uncovered, special inquiry relating to the agency will survey the enquiry, the examination committee confirmation, give different discipline sanctions, even cancel its professional qualification. Through the strict access and auditing system, in order to ensure that the professional personnel not only to have professional skills, also have good professional ethics.

2. Professionals in the public project management in the role

British professionals system for public investment project management has the following two effects:

(1) provide a professional knowledge and skills. The various government departments to or civil building project management or little or nothing, by hiring professional obtain the professional service. For example, the British quantity surveying master can offer the following services for government: budget consulting, feasibility study, cost and control, inflation trend forecast, the selection of the construction contract consulting, choose the contractor, construction of the tender documents preparation, tender analysis and evaluation standard, after negotiations, contract documents preparation, the project in the regular cost control, financial statements, the cost of change has been completed the project estimates, assessment, statements, and contract of protection, for the contractor to claim the bankruptcy or be after the merger measures, emergency contract of financial management, etc. The article, further discussed.#p#分頁標題#e#

(2) professional participation in the government information asymmetry between the contractor and the game into a information symmetry game. In the professional before participation, the government department possesses not civil construction market information, and the contractor has this kind of information, at this time the two sides in the negotiation process, the government doesn't dominate, or even for lack of information and pay cost. Professionals involved, both sides of the game changed, to become government by the professionals and the contractor or its hire professionals of the game, and at this moment in the professional knowledge on both sides have the information is symmetrical, the game is equal.

, project management problem.

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