中央政府支出
 

自1987 - 88年的預算，中央政府采用了一項新分類的公共支出。在這種新的分類下,所有公共支出分為非計劃支出和開支計劃。中央政府的非計劃被進一步分為收入支出和資本支出。收益支出由稅收來提供資金，包括稅收和非稅收收入。
 

非計劃收入支出包括(a)收入利息支出、國防支出,主要補貼(食品、肥料和促進出口），其他補貼,減免債務的農(nóng)民,郵政赤字,警察、養(yǎng)老金、其他總務(國家機關、稅收征管、外部事務,等等)。(b) 社會服務(教育、醫(yī)療、廣播等)。(c)經(jīng)濟服務(農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、電力、交通、通訊、科技、等等)。(d) 撥款給各州和聯(lián)邦領土與外國政府贈款。
 

非計劃資本支出包括國防資本支出等項目,公共企業(yè)貸款,貸款給州和聯(lián)邦領土與外國政府貸款。計劃支出包括(a)中央計劃,如農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村發(fā)展、灌溉和防洪,能源、工業(yè)和礦物質(zhì),交通、通訊、科技、環(huán)境、社會服務和(b)中央幫助州和聯(lián)邦屬地的計劃。
 

改革開放前的趨勢
 

印度的政府支出在1950 - 51年迅速增長。在獨立之前,印度沒有計劃,政府的一部分沒有努力去建立一個福利國家。因此,公共支出相對較小。
 

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,政府支出因為戰(zhàn)爭的努力而增加。在戰(zhàn)后時期的規(guī)劃和政府提供的福利服務在很大程度上導致了公共支出，在中心處和在美國迅速增加。
 

此外，支出的情況已經(jīng)變化非常明顯。英國政府在印度獨立之前，主要對國家的國防和公民管理感興趣。因此，中央政府和邦政府大部分支出花費在這些服務上。

 

The central government expenditure

The Central government adopted a new classification of public expenditure from 1987-88 budgets. Under this new classification, all public expenditure is classified into non-plan expenditure and plan expenditure.
 

Non-plan expenditure of the central govt. is further divided into revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Revenue expenditure is financed out of revenue receipts, both tax revenue and non tax revenue.
 

Non-plan revenue expenditure includes (a) Interest payments, defense revenue expenditure, major subsidies (food, fertilizers and export promotion), other subsidies, debt relief to farmers, postal deficit, police, pensions, other general services(organs of state, tax collection, external affairs, etc.) (b) Social services (education, health, broadcasting, etc.) (c) Economic services (agriculture, industry, power, transport, communications, science and technology, etc.)(d) Grants to states and union territories and grants to foreign governments.
Non-plan capital expenditure includes such items as defense capital expenditure, loans to public enterprises, loans to states and union territories and loans to foreign governments.Plan expenditure consists of (a) central plans such as on agriculture, rural development, irrigation and flood control, energy, industry and minerals, transport, communications, science and technology and environment, social services and (b) central assistance for the states and union territories plans.

改革開放前的趨勢——Trends in pre-reform period
 

Government expenditure in India has been growing very rapidly after 1950-51. Before independence, there was no planning in India and no effort on the part of government to establish a welfare state. Public expenditure was, therefore, comparatively small.
 

During Second World War, government expenditure increased because of the war efforts. In the post war period introduction of planning and the provision by the government of welfare services in a big way caused public expenditure, both at the centre and in the states to increase rapidly.
 

Moreover the complexion of expenditure has also been changing very conspicuously. Before independence the British government in India was interested primarily in the defense and civil administration of the country. Therefore, a large part of the expenditure of the central and state governments was on these services.
 

農(nóng)業(yè)和水利—— Agriculture and irrigation
 

Except during the first plan when agriculture and irrigation were allotted 30% of total outlay, all other plans allotted between 20-24% of outlay.
 

電力項目——Power Program

The allocation on power development was low during the first four plans between 10-15% of the total outlay. The low priority given to the power development was on the ground that industries had not come up so fast and the progress in rural electrification, use of electric power in railway transport system was inadequate. It was only in the seventh plan that the allocation on power was raised steeply to 28% of the total outlay.
 

行業(yè)和礦物質(zhì)——Industries and Minerals
 

The high priority given to the agriculture in the public sector programs in the first plan was at the cost of low priority given to the industries. But from the second plan onwards the relative share of industries and minerals was raised sharply from 6% in the first plan to 24% of the total plan outlay in second plan. The allocation o industries have been generally around 24% of the total public sector outlay till sixth plan. In the next two plans, outlays to industries declined steeply.
 

交通和通訊——Transportation and Communications#p#分頁標題#e#
 

The allocation in transportation and communication was quite high during the first two plans- between 25 to 28%. But since then their share has declined. However, the country was regularly facing serious transport bottlenecks which resulted in retarded output and income. Consequently, the Eighth plan pushed up the outlay to 23%.
 

社會和雜項服務——Social and Miscellaneous Services
 

The services include education, health and family planning, housing, labor welfare and welfare of backward class, etc. These services are significant from the point of view of the poor and economically backward people. A considerable amount of scarce resources have been allotted in plans for the provision of these services. But for the first and the third plan, which allotted 23 and 24% respectively for social services, the outlay ranged between 15 to 19% from the second to the eighth Plans.
 

改革開放后的趨勢——Trends in post-reform period
 

Right from 1980s, a marked deterioration was set into the budgetary positions of both the Center and the State. The second oil price rise (1976) affected the state of government finances in a big way. This resulted not only in increase in already high outstanding debt but also a larger interest payment. An efficient response to the shock, involved a thorough reorganization of the macroeconomic setup. Reduction in fiscal deficit, depreciation of exchange rate and a restoration of market forces in the financial sector were all part of the package deal to save the economy.
 

A program of macroeconomic stabilization was initiated by the government in July 1991. it was during this period that the new economic policy was adopted and the economy gradually underwent towards liberalization, privatization and globalization.
 

Henceforth a paradigm shift in the pattern of government expenditure was observed during this period which can be studied as follows:
 

第八個五年計劃——EIGHTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)
 

The eighth five year plan reflected the process of fiscal reform and also economic reforms which reflected government’s attempt to accelerate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the common man.
 

The second oil price rise (1976) affected the state of government finances in a big way. This resulted not only in increase in already high outstanding debt but also a larger interest payment. An efficient response to the shock, involved a thorough reorganization of the macroeconomic setup. Reduction in fiscal deficit, depreciation of exchange rate and a restoration of market forces in the financial sector were all part of the package deal to save the economy.
 

A program of macroeconomic stabilization was initiated by the government in July 1991. It was during this period that the new economic policy was adopted and the economy gradually underwent towards liberalization, privatization and globalization. Henceforth a paradigm shift in the pattern of government expenditure was observed during this period.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

The eighth five year plan reflected the process of fiscal reform and also economic reforms which reflected government’s attempt to accelerate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the common man.There was a slight improvement in the allocation for social services to 19% in this plan so as to improve “human capitalâ€Â? especially by improving literacy. Also, outlay on energy was increased in order to reduce infrastructure constraint.
 

During ninth five year plan, infrastructure which became a major constraint due to inadequacy of complementary private investment, was paid due attention. There was a re-orientation of plan priorities and hence the change in public outlay was distinct. By allocating 72% of the plan funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social services, this plan stressed on the development of infrastructure.
 

Overall increase in the plan outlay for Tenth plan over that of Ninth Plan (Rs. 29944 crores) was 232%.