印度經濟
 

簡介
 

外國直接投資幫助了印度經濟成長，政府將繼續鼓勵這一類的更多的投資- 但在2004年，印度53億美元的外國直接投資中中國的外國直接投資占不到10％。印度的外國直接投資對印度經濟的發展起到了重要的作用。印度外商直接投資有很多方面- 使印度實現了一定程度的金融穩定、發展和壯大。這筆錢已經讓印度把重點放在可能需要關注的經濟領域，并繼續解決挑戰該國的各種問題。 
 

印度繼續要求，吸引來自世界各大投資的外國直接投資。在1998年和1999年，印度經濟呈現出良好的情況，印度中央政府宣布了一系列旨在鼓勵外國直接投資和投資者的改革。外國直接投資是在合資企業通過私募股權或優先分配，通過資本市場的方式，通過歐洲的問題，獲得金融合作許可，。
 

The indian economy

 

INTRODUCTION
 

FDI has helped the Indian economy to grow and the government continue to encourage more investments of this sort - but with $5.3 billion in FDI in 2004 India gets less than 10% of the FDI of China. Foreign direct investment in India has played an important role in the development of the Indian economy. FDI in India has -in a lot of ways - enabled India to achieve a some degree of financial stability, development and growth. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic attention, and address the various problems that continue to challenge the country.

 

India has continuosily sought to attract Foreign direct investment from the world's major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Indian national government announced a number of reforms designed to encourage Foreign direct investment and present a favorable scenario for investors. Foreign direct investment are permitted through financial collaborations, through private equity or preferential allotments, by way of capital markets through Euro issues, and in joint ventures. FDI is not permitted in the arms, nuclear, railway, coal & lignite or mining industries. A number of project have been announced in areas such as electricity generation, transmission and distribution, as well as the development of highways and roads, with opportunities for foreign investors. The Indian national government also provided permission to Foreign direct investments to provide up to 100% of the financing required for the construction of bridges and tunnels, but with a limit on foreign equity of INR 1,500 crores, approximately $352.5m. Currently, Foreign direct investment is allowed in financial services, including the growing credit card business. These services include the non-banking financial services sector. Foreign investors can buy up to 40% of the equity in private banks, although there is condition that stipulates that these banks must be multilateral financial organizations. Up to 45% of the shares of companies in the global mobile personal communication by satellite services (GMPCSS) sector can also be purchased.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

By 2004, India received $5.3 billion in Foreign direct investment, big growth compared to previous years, but less than 10% of the $60.6 billion that flowed into China. Why does India, with a stable democracy and a smoother approval process, lag so far behind China in FDI amounts? Although the Chinese approval process is complex, it includes both national and regional approval in the same process. Federal democracy is perversely an impediment for India. Local authorities are not part of the approvals process and have their own rights, and this often leads to projects getting bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy. India actually receives less than half the FDI that the federal government approves.

 

SECTOR WISE FLOW

 

The Information technology industry is one of the booming sectors in India. At present India is the leading country pertaining to the Information industry industry in the Asia -Pacific region. With more international companies entering the industry, the Foreign Direct Investments has been phenomenon over the year. The rapid development of the telecommunication sector was due to the FDI inflows in form of international players entering the market and transfer of advanced technologies. The telecom industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India. With a growth rate of 45%, Indian telecom industry has the highest growth rate in the world.

 

The Foreign direct investment in Automobile Industry has experienced huge growth in the past few years. The increase in the demand for cars and other vehicles is powered by the increase in the levels of disposable income in India. The options have increased with quality products from foreign car manufacturers. The introduction of tailor made finance schemes, easy repayment schemes has also helped the growth of the automobile sector. For the past few years the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is performing very well. The varied functions such as contract research and manufacturing, clinical research, research and development pertaining to vaccines are the strengths of the Pharma Industry in India. Multinational phamaceutical corporations outsource these activities and help the growth of the sector. The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has been experiencing a vast inflow of FDI.

 

The FDI inflow in the Cement Industry in India has increased with some of the Indian cement giants merging with major cement manufacturers in the world such Holcim, Heidelberg, Italcementi, Lafarge, etc. The Foreign direct investment in Semiconductor sector in India were crucial for the development of the IT and the ITES sector in India. Electronic hardware is the major component of several industries such as information technology, telecommunication, electronic appliances,automobiles and special medical equipments.

 

PRIMARY SECTOR

 

The primary sector of the economy extracts products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of basic foods and raw materials. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and ,fishing,gathering, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

In developing countries, a decreasing proportion of worker are involves in the primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labour force is engaged in primary sector activity in today world, while more than two-thirds of the labour force were primary sector workers in the mid-nineteenth century.

 

AGRICULTURE SECTOR:-

 

The Foreign direct investment Inflows to Agriculture Services are allowed up to 100% and allowed through the automatic route covering horticulture, floriculture, development of seeds, animal husbandry, pissciculture, aqua culture, cultivation of vegetables, mushroom and services related to agro sectors. Only in Tea sector, 100% Foreign direct investment is allowed, including, plantations of tea.

 

In India, agriculture is the important sector of the Indian economy and accounts for almost 19% of Indian gross domestic products . Agriculture is the main stay of the India economy as it forms the backbone of rural India which inhabitants more than 70% of total Indian population

 

The Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Rural Infrastructure, and the Planning Commission of India are the main governing bodies that define the future role of agriculture in India and it aims at developing agricultural sector of India. No FDI / NRI / OCB is allowed in the Indian Agriculture sector.. Further, it requires compulsory divestment of 26% equity in favor of the Indian partner or Indian public within a maximum period of five years. This also requires approval from the concerned state government in case of change in use of land for such activities. And this holds true for any fresh investments in the above-mentioned sector.

 

TELECOMMUNICATION:-

 

The Foreign direct investment Inflows to Agriculture Services are allowed up to 100% and allowed through the automatic route covering horticulture, floriculture, development of seeds, animal husbandry, pissciculture, aqua culture, cultivation of vegetables, mushroom and services related to agro sectors. Only in Tea sector, 100% Foreign direct investment is allowed, including, plantations of tea.

 

In India, agriculture is the important sector of the Indian economy and accounts for almost 19% of Indian gross domestic products . Agriculture is the main stay of the India economy as it forms the backbone of rural India which inhabitants more than 70% of total Indian population

 

The Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Rural Infrastructure, and the Planning Commission of India are the main governing bodies that define the future role of agriculture in India and it aims at developing agricultural sector of India. No FDI / NRI / OCB is allowed in the Indian Agriculture sector.. Further, it requires compulsory divestment of 26% equity in favor of the Indian partner or Indian public within a maximum period of five years. This also requires approval from the concerned state government in case of change in use of land for such activities. And this holds true for any fresh investments in the above-mentioned sector.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

FERTILIZER:-

 

Foreign Direct Investment in fertilizers in India is allowed up to 100% under the automatic route in India. The total amount of Foreign direct investment Inflows to Fertilizers industry in India is US$ 78.22 million between August 1991 and December 2005. The total percentage of Foreign direct investment Inflows to Fertilizers industry India stood at 0.26% out of the total foreign direct investment in the country during August 1991 to December 2005.

 

Bayer Crop of india was given the approval in 2003, to invest upto Rs. 74 crores in Aventis Crop Science in India involved in the production of fertilizers as well as pesticides. Through this investment Bayer Crop increased its stake in Aventis Crop from 67.08 % to 100%. This made Aventis Crop a fully owned subsidiary of Bayer Crop.

 

MINING:-

 

The mining industry in India is a very vital segment and contribute largely to the India economy. India is rich in mineral resources. The mining industry plays a significant role in the industrial development of the country. Foreign direct investment Inflows has been permitted up to 100 percent under automatic route in the mining industry in India except the atomic minerals and fuel minerals. The rapid growth rate in India assures an alarming growth and developmnt in the mining industry as well. India produces 89 minerals which has been divided as under: Fuel Minerals - four

 

Metallic Minerals - twelve

 

Non-metallic Minerals - fifty-two

 

Minor minerals - twenty-three

 

The export production of ores, minerals have accounted for a sum upto USD 2895.90 million during April-September 2006-07 as against USD 2677.40 million during April-September 2005-06 which registers a growth of around 8.2 percent.

 

SECONDARY SECTOR

 

The secondary sector of the economy manufactures the finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metals working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

 

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE:-

 

100 percent Foreign direct investment is permitted under automatic route to the E-Commerce activities in India. However, a pertinent condtion is that, 26 percent of their equity will be spent on welfare activities for the Indian population in five years. Software Technology Parks (STP) had been a major initiative in India to drive in Foreign Direct Investment in the computer software industry. These Software Technology Parks gives highly developed infrastructure and facilities that attract foreign investors. Regulatory measures by the Indias government has also played a positive role in this regard. Measures like increased freedom of recruiting and laying-off employees, tax benefits and easing of export producers have contributed to the growth of Foreign direct investment in this sector.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

India constitutes 0.6 percent of the entire international market in terms of manufacturing electronics hardware. Electronics hardware in India is of USD 11 billion industry. The computer hardware industry in India has occupied about USD 1.4 billion in the whole electronics hardware industry as has been accounted in the Financial Year 2005. This includes PC, Servers, and Laptops. 100 percent Foreign direct investment is permitted under automatic route in the computer hardware industry in India. The huge market for computer hardware in India, coupled with the availability of skilled workforce in this sector has boosted the inflow of Foreign direct investment. Highly growth prospects, in terms of increased consumption in the India as well as increasing demand for exports are expected to lead to more Foreign Direct Investments in this sector.

 

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY:-

 

It was during the Union Budget for 2005-06 that the India government opened up all gates for FDI in the construction industry in India. Construction projects which have received the maximum Foreign direct investment include, housing, commercial premises, resorts, hotels, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational facilities, city. FDI Inflows in the construction industry in India are permissible under automatic route to ensure flexibility in construction activities which will boost the Indian economy. In the real estate sector, the foreign investors are not allowed to sell undeveloped land, such as, lands which do not have proper facilities of roads, electricity, drainage ,water and all other basic requirements for inhabitation.

 

POWER INDUSTRY:-

 

The power sector in India has developed significantly and is an important part of infrastructure. Investment potential in the power sector of India is huge due to the market size on investment capital. Past few years have witnessed an outstanding growth in the power.especially the sectors based on renewable sources of energy. The total installed capacity of the electric power generation stations in India according to estimates of January 2006 is 128182.47 MW which comprise of the following: Thermal - 84149.84 MW

 

Hydro - 33941.77 MW

 

Nuclear - 3900 MW

 

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) - 6190.86 MW

 

The India government aims at reaching 2, 00,000 MW by the year 2012. The regional transmission network with inter-regional capacity to transmit power will be expanded to ensure the growth. The total power generation in India has increased from 264.3 Billion Units (BUs) during 1990-91 to 551.7 Billion Units during 2006-07(up to Jan.'07). The investments required in the execution of this task will be generated from public-private partnership in the sector.

 

AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY:

 

The automobile sector in the Indias industry is one of the high performing sectors of the Indian economy. This has contribute large in making India a prime destination for many international players in the automobile industry who wish to set up their businesses in India.

 

The automobile industry in India is growing by 18 percent per year. The automobile sector in India was opened up to foreign investments in the year 1991. 100% Foreign Direct Investment is allowed in the automobile industry in India. The production level of the automobile sector has increased from 2 million in 1991 to 9.7 million in 2006 after the participation of global players in the sector

 

TERTIARY SECTOR

 

The sector of the economy is the service industry. The tertiary sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, radiomtelevision, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.

 

In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labour force are tertiary workers.

 

REAL ESTATE:-

 

This sector in India is highly fragmented. According to the estimates of 2004- 2005, the real estate sector in India was worth US$ 12 billion. The majority of the developers in the real estate sector in India have only a regional presence. The involvement of large corporations is limited in the real estate sector in the country. The profit margins are higher in the sector of real estate in India in comparison to the foreign markets that are developed. Foreign direct investment Inflows to Real Estate sector in India has increased over the last few years due to the fact that many internationl companies are investing in the sector. The Emaar Group has made an investmnt of around US$ 850 million in 2006 in the real estate sector in India. The Siachen Capital has investd in Nitesh Estates with total investments worth US$ 100 million in 2006. Further the FDI Inflows to Real Estate sector in India has come from Morgan Stanley Real Estate, which has made an investment of Rs. 300 crores in the Alhpa G Corp.

 

RAILWAY RELATED COMPONENET:-

 

This sector in India is highly fragmented. According to the estimates of 2004- 2005, the real estate sector in India was worth US$ 12 billion. The majority of the developers in the real estate sector in India have only a regional presence. The involvement of large corporations is limited in the real estate sector in the country. The profit margins are higher in the sector of real estate in India in comparison to the foreign markets that are developed. Foreign direct investment Inflows to Real Estate sector in India has increased over the last few years due to the fact that many internationl companies are investing in the sector. The Emaar Group has made an investmnt of around US$ 850 million in 2006 in the real estate sector in India. The Siachen Capital has investd in Nitesh Estates with total investments worth US$ 100 million in 2006. Further the FDI Inflows to Real Estate sector in India has come from Morgan Stanley Real Estate, which has made an investment of Rs. 300 crores in the Alhpa G Corp.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

DEFENCE INDUSTRY:-

 

Foreign direct investment inflows to defence industries is allowed up to a maximum limit of 26%. Approval of Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is required for Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in defence industries.

 

Upto the late 1980s the Industrial policy of India kept the Defence industries of India, under the control of the Central government. In other words, all the defence equipments that were produced in India were manufactured by the public sector enterprises only. This was done in accordance with the first Industrial policy of India, more specifically, with the Industry Policy Resolution of 1948. According to the Industries (Development & Regulatn) Act of 1951, licensing was made compulsory, which gave rise to a large infrastructure for Defence production facilities in India. It consisted of 39 Ordnance Factories, 8 Defence PSUs and 50 Research & Development laboratories.

 

In the early 1990s significant reforms were undertaken in the Indian economy. As a part of these reforms, certain areas of the defence industries in India were opened up to foreign investments. The FDI inflows into the Indian defence industry has shown rise in the recent years. The scope of FDI inflow in the Indian Defence industry of India is immense. The FDI in the Indian Defence industry is allowed up to 26%. Approvals are required from Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). Further, approval of foreign direct investment into the defence industry of India can be received from FIPB subject to licensing under Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 and guidelines on FDI in production of arms and ammunition. The requirements of the Defence industries of India are being met by the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), to the tune of 20% to 25%. The FDI inflow in to the Indian Defence industry have witnessed participation of private sector in the area of -

 

Supply of raw materials

 

Semi-finished products

 

Parts and components

 

Moreover, hi-tech defence equipments and component subsystems have also been outsourced from the private sector. The successful contribution of the private sector in the defence industry of India has moved to next level and now a days their contribution is not only confined to manufacture of semi-finished products but also in the manufacture of complete defence equipments or systems.

 

EDUCATION:-

 

Foreign direct investment Inflows to Education sector in India has been allowed by the Indian government. However, these are subjected to certain strict regulations. Foreign direct investment Inflows to this sector in India are expected to provide significance benefits to Indian students. Many foreign educational institutions and universities have expressed interest in setting up branches in India. The education sector in India is one of the most important sectors, as it holds the key to social and economic development of the country.

 

The major objectives of the policy are to empower women, correct the regional and social imbalances that are there in the country, and also to ensure the development of the minorities of India. The government of India allotted funds to school education that came to around Rs. 17,133 crores in 2006- 2007 and the next year, this figure increased to Rs. 23,142 crores.

 

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 

Foreign direct investment Inflows to Education sector in India has been allowed by the Indian government. However, these are subjected to certain strict regulations. Foreign direct investment Inflows to this sector in India are expected to provide significance benefits to Indian students. Many foreign educational institutions and universities have expressed interest in setting up branches in India. The education sector in India is one of the most important sectors, as it holds the key to social and economic development of the country.

 

The major objectives of the policy are to empower women, correct the regional and social imbalances that are there in the country, and also to ensure the development of the minorities of India. The government of India allotted funds to school education that came to around Rs. 17,133 crores in 2006- 2007 and the next year, this figure increased to Rs. 23,142 crores.