澳大利亞悉尼大學經濟方面英語essay指導：An analysis of the Australian labor market

 

 

1. Introduction

    Australia is a country with broad area and it’s sparsely populated. The population growth  rate is relatively slow. In 1901, the total population was 3.78 million. However, by 2001, the total population rapidly increased to 19,480,000. At present, Australia's population growth rate is 1.2%, which is lower than the global population growth rate of 1.3%. The fertility rate for each couple in Australia dropped from 3.55 in 1961 to 1.78 in 2002 .澳大利亞是一個具有廣闊的地區的國家和它的稀少。人口增長速度相對緩慢。1901，總人口為3780000。然而，2001年底，總人口迅速增加到19480000。目前，澳大利亞的人口增長率為1.2%，低于1.3%的全球人口增長率。每對夫婦的生育率在澳大利亞從3.55下降1961至1.78 2002。

    

 

Seeing from the population structure, Australia has gradually entered the aging society. In 1901, the ratio of the population aged over 65 in Australia was only 4%, and the aging population ratio increased to 12.3% in1999. According to the forecast, this ratio will double to as much as 26.1% in 2051. By the 2020s, the new labor force in Australia will be reduced from the current 17 million to 12.5 million. Slow population growth, an aging population, and changes in people's concept of employment is bringing more and more pressure to the labor market .With the onset of the 1990's recession in Australia came mass unemployment.  The Australian government has responded to the problem of 350,000 detached and alienated long term unemployed, and the serious constraint they place on the economy. 從人口結構來看，澳大利亞已逐步進入老齡化社會。在1901，65歲以上人口的澳大利亞比僅為4%，與老年人口的比例上升至12.3%年。據預測，這一比例將為26.1%的2051倍之多。到21世紀20年代，在澳大利亞新的勞動力將從目前的17000000減少到12500000。人口增長緩慢，人口老齡化，以及人們的就業觀念的變化帶來的是更多的壓力，勞動力市場。在澳大利亞的1990的衰退開始了大規模的失業。澳大利亞政府已經對350000分離和疏遠長期失業的問題，和他們對經濟的嚴重制約。

   

 

 In the following study, it mainly focused on the status of the Australian labor market, analyzed the composition of human capital and the two main human capital elements: namely, the higher education and vocational training. Through comparing and contrasting the two main ways workers gain formal human capital, it studied their different impact on the labor market, and why there is still skills shortages exist under strong support of the Australian Government.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

 

2. Overview of Human Capital

Human capital is the expenditures used in human health care, education, training and other aspects, which formate capital. In terms of the physical form, this capital is a  general term of physical strength, health, knowledge, skills, and other mental stock owned by the living people, and it can bring to the relevant economic actors residual value or profit gains in specific economic activities in the future. Human capital theory include the following context: First, human resources are the most important resource in all resources, and human capital theory is the core issue in economics. Second, the role of human capital is more important than physical capital in economic growth. Investment in human capital is proportional to the national income and it grows faster than material resources. Third, the core of the human capital is to improve the quality of the population, investment in education is a major part of the human resources. It is not appropriate to regard the reproduction of human capital as a consume. On the contrary , it should be treated as an investment, and the economic benefits of this investment is much greater than the physical investments. Education is the primary means to improve the human capital, so the investment in human resources can be considered to be investment in education. The persons with high-tech level of knowledge will have significantly higher output than the low degree of technical manpower. Fourth, investment in education should be based on market supply and demand, using the human price fluctuations as a standard and measuring symbol.

 

 

2.1 The impact of higher education on economic growth

    As a new theory to explain economic growth，human capital theory broke through the limitations of traditional economic theory in explaining economic growth factors. According to the traditional theory of three elements in production, namely, land, capital and labor is the source of national income, they occupied a deserved share in national income in accordance with their respective proportion. Due to the limited land, economic growth was mainly the result of increase in the number of capital and labor, the quality of the labor force is not included in the growth factors. However, the human capital theory clearly pointed out that if the quality of the people is different, their production contribution will be different too, high-quality workforce can get higher labor productivity and do more labor contribution. Therefore, it is one of factors gain economic growth by improve the quality of people.

 

 

In modern economic production, economic growth depends largely on the knowledge and abilities of workers and it also depends on education. In order to make education become a promoting force in economic growth, it can’t just maintain the former level of education. Although it requires a lot of investment to gain rapid development of education , in the promoting growth by investment in education , people can benefit from economic growth and distribution of education, and have more access to revenue. That is to say, education and the economy have an inter-conditional mutually reinforcing relationship. Either of the two’s development will promote the development of the other. So if the rapid development of education can’t be ensured in the economic development, economic development will also be affected. #p#分頁標題#e#

 

 

2.2 The impact of vocational training on economic growth

In modern society, especially in Australia, skilled workers constitute human capital play a more and more important role in economic growth, the shortage of skilled workers is seriously restricting the development of the economy. So, Australian Federal Government and state governments began to negotiate the reform of the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) system in the 1990s, which is designed to create a national training system.

 

 

Technical workers are a kind of people who master certain technical capacity and skilled people engaged in technical work, they are skilled personnel. Skilled workers is different from ordinary labor. In order to train skilled workers, it need to go through the learning, training and practice. skilled workers are talents. Among skilled workers, highly skilled workers need a longer period of learning, training and work practices in order to cultivate the scarcity of talent,  these people are highly skilled personnel.

In order to ease the labor shortage, the Australian government has being taken positive training national personnel, imported skilled migrants and allowing overseas students to work 20 hours a week. Every year, it given number of technical service personnel from overseas to fill the vacancy of their own much-needed work under the premise of ensuring full employment of the domestic population. The shortage of skilled labor is a most important factor to impact the economic development of Australia. In order to solve the problem of shortage of skilled personnel, the Australian federal government, industry associations and state governments have taken a series of measures, such as stimulating the enthusiasm of enterprises by the Government additional funds, government for additional funds to stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises, making corporate plan, implementing the training and apprenticeship system and letting the government play the role of guidance.The Federal Government will continue to co-operate closely with the state governments, developing the civic potential through the high-quality training to maintain the vitality and quality of vocational education.

 

 

3. Research on obtaining a higher human capital

    The government launched a serries reform measures and formulated policies to boost productivity amid a shrinking pool of available workers. According to forecast, the number of Australians classified to be of working age (15 to 64 years) is to fall from 67.4 per cent to just 60.2 per cent. The number of Australians aged over 65 is expected to soar, rising from 13.5 per cent of the population to 22.6 per cent, placing mounting pressure on the nation's health system and social services. The ratio of workers to those Australians past retirement age will fall from five currently to 2.7. During the past years, it can be seen the key role of the government in driving productivity "through investing in infrastructure and skills, promoting macroeconomic stability and providing appropriate microeconomic frameworks".#p#分頁標題#e#

 

 

Australia has established a national skills training system.The system is skills-oriented and business-driven. It provide a nationally recognized qualification certificates which can flow in the whole country.The federal and state governments reached an agreement on vocational education and training system to provide guaranteed funding, including development funds as a return to the enterprises, companies and other business education and training institutions.Since then, it almost doubled the size of Australia's vocational education and training and the number of students participating in vocational education and training to nearly 17 million people by 2004. 

 

 

From this analysis, it can be seen that solving the problem of skills shortage need to do well in the following works:First, change the way of investment in vocational education, implementing vocational education vouchers; Second, reduce barriers to entry of private vocational school, taking the appropriate policy to foster private vocational and technical schools; Third, strengthening labor law enforcement to promote the training of skilled workers; Forth, playing and improving the functions of trade unions to promote workers' political and economic empowerment. Through these ways, workers can get better vocational training, thus improving the economic growth.

 

 

4. Conclusion

In a word, Australia provide a fundamental guarantee for promote the economic development adapt the labor market needs, it made the two aspects can coordination when the scale of education rapidly explode while the labor market occur structural changes. That is to say, only deal with both the contribution of higher education and vocational training in human capital, it will be able to promote economic development.

 

 

References:

Pat Forward.(2005).AEU Discussion Paper - Skills Shor -tages , What Causes Skills Shortages and TradeUnion Response to Skills Shortages.

Stanwick,J.(2003）.Skill for life: Lifelong learning sys-tems in Australia , Paris:International Institute forEducational Planning.

Pat Forward.(2005).Briefing Paper - Skilling Australia :New Directions for Vocational Education and Training. AEU.

MARK CULLY.(2004). Working in harmony: The links between the labor market and the education and http://www.400190.com/thesis_sample/ training market in Australia [R].Soul: The 7th Anniversary International Seminar for Vocational and Education.

Pat Forward.(2004).Vocational Education and Trainingat the Crossroads,The Australian TAFE Teacher.

Pat Byrne.(2005).AEU Submission to the Senate Em -ployment, Workplace Relations and Education Le-gislation Committee Inquiry into the provisionsof the Skilling Australia' s Workforce Bill 2005.

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