眾所周知留學(xué)生dissertation在寫作內(nèi)容和方式上和國內(nèi)的dissertation存在巨大差別，最明顯的就是簡潔性是其寫作原則之一。在寫作留學(xué)生dissertation時(shí)，我們除了要避免使用冗余的詞之外，更重要的還需要注意在寫作中要減少甚至是避免重復(fù)性表達(dá)。英國dissertation網(wǎng)通過一些示例來為大家分析哪些寫作內(nèi)容屬于重復(fù)性表達(dá)，以此來幫助廣大留學(xué)生順利完成dissertation寫作。

 

重復(fù)性表達(dá)情況1：「A詞的含義包含B詞的含義」

 

例①：The results are plotted graphically. . .

 

改進(jìn)：The results are plotted ...

 

分析：plot本身就是作圖的意思，所以graphically可以去掉。如果要用graphically，可以寫成：The results are represented graphically. . .，但這顯然沒有The results are plotted ...簡潔。

 

順便提一下，表示“繪制”和survival curves搭配的動(dòng)詞如下：

 

To generate survival curves

 

To plot survival curves

 

To construct survival curves

 

例②：This arrangement avoids the rebreathing of previously exhaled gases...

 

改進(jìn)：This arrangement avoids rebreathing...

 

分析：rebreathing的意思就是吸入已經(jīng)呼出的氣體，所以This arrangement avoids rebreathing  ...即可。

 

例③：. . .fully complies with the requirements needed in . . .

 

改進(jìn)：. . .fully complies with the requirements in . . .

 

分析：requirement和need意思相近，可以去掉needed。

 

例④：. . .operations of varying magnitude, ranging from simple drainage to a full laparotomy.

 

改進(jìn)：. . .operations from simple drainage to a full laparotomy.

 

分析：“of varying magnitude”、“ranging”和 “from...to...”都是關(guān)于范圍的表達(dá)，可以簡化成：operations from simple drainage to a full laparotomy。

 

例⑤：It is possible that our results might have been better had we. . .

 

改進(jìn)：Our results might have been better had we. . .

 

分析：“It is possible that ”和“might”意思相同，二者取其一即可。

 

例⑥：Myoclonus and myelinolysis may follow as sequelae.

 

改進(jìn)：Myoclonus and myelinolysis may be sequelae.

 

分析：sequelae必然follow，所以可以去掉follow。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

重復(fù)性表達(dá)情況2：「中英文差異」

 

錯(cuò)誤：Although aspirin is effective in RA, but it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS.

 

正確：Although aspirin is effective in RA, it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS. 或 Aspirin is effective in RA, but it offers no therapeutic benefit in AS.

 

分析：“雖然……，但是……"是中文里的常用表達(dá)，但是在英文里只能二者取其一。

 

錯(cuò)誤：In addition, some patients also received potassium supplements.

 

正確：In addition, some patients received potassium supplements.

 

分析：中文里，我們會(huì)說“此外，部分患者還服用了鉀補(bǔ)充劑”，但在英文中，“in addition”和“also”二者取其一即可。

 

錯(cuò)誤：Recent studies have shown that mast cells store and release proinflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, etc.

 

正確：Recent studies have shown that mast cells store and release proinflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-6.

 

分析：在中文里，我們常說“包括……等”，但在英文里，including/such as和etc.不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。因?yàn)閕ncluding/such as后面接部分內(nèi)容，表示除了列舉出的內(nèi)容以外還有其他內(nèi)容，而etc.也一樣，表示省略了部分內(nèi)容，所以二者取其一即可。

 

重復(fù)性表達(dá)情況3：「同樣的單詞多次出現(xiàn)」

 

例①：Two patientshad type I, 7 had type II, and 1 had type IIIMirizzi syndrome.

 

為了避免重復(fù)，可以僅在句末寫出疾病名稱。此外，除了一開始有patients，后面都省略了patients。

 

例②：A total of 29 patients completed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and they all had type I or II Mirizzi syndrome. One patient with type II disease underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration. Two patients with type III or IV disease were converted to open surgery; the type III patient underwent bile duct end-to-end anastomosis, and the type IV patient underwent choledochoenterostomy.

 

根據(jù)情況變換表達(dá)形式，如：type * Mirizzi syndrome、patient with type * disease和type * patient。

 

例③：Of all patients, 26 showed a complete response,12 showed a partial response, and 5 showed no response.

 

除了一開始用了patients，后面把patients全部省略，避免了多次出現(xiàn)patients而顯得冗長啰嗦。

 

例④：LdT is effective in controlling hepatitis activity in pregnant women with CHB, as it rapidly decreases HBV DNA levels and reduces mother-to-infant transmission of HBV.Its use is therefore beneficial to both mothers and infants.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

用代詞指代之前的LdT，從而避免了重復(fù)性表達(dá)。

 

例⑤：Local recurrence was found in 10 patients and metastasis in 11 patients.

 

這種句型可以只用一次“was found”，不會(huì)影響句意的表達(dá)。

 

以上就是關(guān)于留學(xué)生dissertation寫作中關(guān)于重復(fù)性表達(dá)的分析，同學(xué)們要是有這些問題的話，那就要盡快糾正過來。