University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license.
英國dissertation網How Theses Get Written:
Some Cool Tips
Dr Steve Easterbrook
Dept of Computer Science
University of Toronto
[email protected]
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 2
Outline
? Part 1: Writing your thesis
? (1) Context: What is a thesis (for)?
? (2) How Do I Get Started?
? (3) What Should My Thesis Contain?
? (4) How Do I Get Finished?
? (5) Summary
? Part 2: The Examiner’s View
? (1) “Uh oh, not another thesis to read…”
? (2) “What’s this one about?”
? (3) “Now there must be some corrections…”
? (4) “Let’s see, what can I ask the candidate?”
2
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 3
What is a thesis?
? An argument
? An exposition of an original piece of research
? The product of an apprenticeship
? Probably the largest (most self-indulgent) piece of
work you’ll ever do
? Something that could be published:
? E.g. at least one paper in a scholarly journal
? but you will probably never publish the whole thesis
“A thesis for the PhD must form a distinctive contribution to the knowledge
of the subject and afford evidence of originality shown by the discovery of
new facts and/or by the exercise of independent critical power.”
(University of London regulations)
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 4
Examination Issues
? Your examiners need to appreciate your research:
? Choose your examiners well
? Target your thesis at them
? Keep abreast of their work
? Talk to them regularly
? Ask around about what is the norm for your university
? E.g. at U of T, it is normal to interact regularly with your thesis committee
? Your examiners need to be told about your research:
? If it’s not in your thesis, they won’t find out about it
? No matter how good your research is, you MUST write a good thesis
3
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 5#p#分頁標題#e#
How do I get started?
? Do this today:
? Decide your title
? Write your title page
? Start a binder
? (Look at some theses in your area)
? Plan your argument…
? You can change things later
? But you can’t change it unless you have something to change!
I do really mean today!
Before you go to bed tonight.
Tomorrow is too late!
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 6
For example:
Look, I’ve just
done 1/126
of the task!
This changed
a few times…
I just copied
this format
from another
thesis
Okay, so this
wasn’t my
first choice…
4
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 7
Plan Your Argument
One sentence for each: Example
Introduction
(area of study)
“The success of a software development project depends on
capturing stakeholders’ needs in a specification ...
The problem
(that I tackle)
“However, specifications often reflect the analyst’s own bias,
rather than the inputs of the many different stakeholders…
What the literature says
about this problem
“Current methods described in the literature fail to address
identification and integration of multiple views.
How I tackle this problem
“By treating the specification activity as a dialogue between
stakeholders, we can model each perspective separately.
How I implement my
solution
“We provide a set of tools for exploring disagreement between
perspectives, and use these tools as the basis for a computersupported
negotiation process.
The result
“This approach is shown to significantly improve traceability and
validity of specifications and overall stakeholder satisfaction.”
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 8
Plan Your Argument
One sentence for each: Example
Introduction
(area of study)
“The success of a software development project depends on
capturing stakeholders’ needs in a specification ...
The problem
(that I tackle)
“However, specifications often reflect the analyst’s own bias,
rather than the inputs of the many different stakeholders…
What the literature says
about this problem#p#分頁標題#e#
“Current methods described in the literature fail to address
identification and integration of multiple views.
How I tackle this problem
“By treating the specification activity as a dialogue between
stakeholders, we can model each perspective separately.
How I implement my
solution
“We provide a set of tools for exploring disagreement between
perspectives, and use these tools as the basis for a computersupported
negotiation process.
The result
“This approach is shown to significantly improve traceability and
validity of specifications and overall stakeholder satisfaction.”
5
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 9
Another Example…
One sentence for each: Example
Introduction
(area of study)
“A Ph.D. is examined by submission of a thesis...
The problem
(that I tackle)
“Many students fail to complete their theses within the
regulation four years...
What the literature says about
this problem
“Empirical studies indicate that late submission is highly
correlated with delaying the start of the write-up...
How I tackle this problem
“A model of PhD study that encourages an early start to
the thesis writing task is clearly desirable...
How I implement my solution
“Such a model encourages the student to plan a structure
for the thesis and collect material for each chapter
throughout their study...
The result
“Application of this model dramatically improves
submission rates.”
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 10
Plan your thesis
? Convert this argument into a chapter outline
? At least one chapter per sentence
? ...maybe more than one for some sentences
? Start a binder with a division for each chapter
? Collect material in this binder
? Set out clearly what each chapter should say
? Don’t be afraid to change your mind
? As you write the thesis, your ideas will evolve
? Don’t wait for them to stop evolving:
? It’s much easier to change an outline that you’ve written down than one you
haven’t.
6
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 11
? Of course, your plan will
evolve as you proceed with
the research
? …and you may find that exactly six#p#分頁標題#e#
chapters doesn’t quite work for you…
Here’s one of
my attempts…
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 12
Don’t omit any of these:
Title (and title page) - conveys a message
Abstract - for the librarian
Contents Listing - shows the right things are there
Acknowledgements - get your supervisor on your side!
Introduction - says “I am going to look at the following things”.
Review of Previous Work - show you know the subject
Philosophy of Approach - show you can pick out important ideas succinctly
Plan of Attack - show you approached the problem in a systematic way
Description of the work - details, so that others can follow what you did
Critical analysis of the results - show you know its limitations
Future Work - show you know what’s missing
Conclusions - repetition of the intro, but with reference to the detail.
References - Cover the field; examiners will look for the key references
Appendices - Nitty Gritty details that would clutter your eloquent description
7
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 13
Say everything thrice
? In the thesis as a whole:
? Within each chapter / section
? Within each paragraph…
? Each paragraph describes a single idea
? The first sentence introduces the idea (linking it with the previous one)
? The last sentence concludes the idea (linking it with the next one)
? But it’s not repetition, it’s linking and rationale.
? If you do it right, the reader won’t notice any repetition
Details of the work
(Body)
What the thesis said
(Conclusion)
What the thesis will say
(Introduction)
The details
(Body)
What this section said
(Summary)
What this section says
(Signposting)
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 14
Bibliography
? Keep a database of complete references
? Use a consistent citation style
? Use a tool
? Bibtex, Refer, Endnote, ProCite, or whatever.
? Attention to detail is important
? Get the spellings right
? Keep complete references
? page numbers, volume numbers, editors names, locations and dates for conference
proceedings, etc.
? Find out what the local rules are for citation style
? If there are no local rules, use [Author, Year] format#p#分頁標題#e#
? This improves readability by saving the reader flicking to the back
? Assume the reader is familiar with the main references
? But that doesn’t mean you should skip them!
8
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 15
How do I get finished?
Answer: by not getting stuck.
You’ve written most of it ...
... but for the bits you’re avoiding ...
... you keep rewriting other bits ...
... doing more reading ...
... tinkering with the layout ...
... seeking cute quotations ...
Q: Why are you stuck?
A: Because you’ve set yourself too hard a task.
? Don’t be afraid to change your plan if it proves too hard.
? Be savage in cutting irrelevant bits.
? Learn how to notice symptoms of “being stuck”, and ask for help…
STOP
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 16
Reviewing
? Get other people to read your drafts
? Peers will give friendly comments (and may have the most time!)
? Supervisor will steer you
? Other academics will spot things your supervisor has missed.
? Above all:
? …get the bugs out before the examiners see it.
9
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 17
Summary
? Start writing today (never tomorrow)
? Make up a title page for inspiration
? Write down your argument succinctly
? Turn the argument into a chapter plan
? Maintain a binder of stuff to put into these chapters
? Don’t be afraid to change the plan
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 18
The Examiner’s View
? Uh oh, not another thesis to read...
? Your examiners are busy people
? Examining theses is a chore, but:
? “It might help me keep up to date with an area of research”
? “It might inspire me”
? “I might learn something”
? “I might gain a new colleague”
? Note: the reading will be done in trains, planes, and
departmental meetings!
10
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 19#p#分頁標題#e#
Examiner’s first question
? What’s this one about?
Examiners have little time available, so they want to extract the most juice in
the shortest time:
? This may be enough to decide whether it’s worth a PhD.
? Then:
1) What questions now spring to mind?
2) ...read through...
3) Were the questions answered?
abstract bibliography conclusions contents listing
Typical scanning order of a new thesis:
What’s it
about?
Does it cite
the right things?
Has it been
published already?
What was
achieved?
do I believe it?
Are all the
pieces there?
Is the
argument clear?
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 20
Has it been published already?
? Peer-review publications are crucial
? The research community’s most important validation criteria
? Sure-fire recipe for success:
? Identify the top peer-reviewed conferences and journals in your area
? Ask the experts to help you identify these
? Concentrate on conferences - faster turn-around
? Publish your research at them
? Plan to have pieces of work ready for each conference submission deadline
? Always take the reviewers comments seriously
? If they didn’t understand your work, it’s your fault, not theirs!
? If you can’t convince the reviewers, you won’t convince your examiners.
? If you’ve published in the right places…
? …you have nothing more to worry about
? Your examiners cannot ignore the outcome of the peer-review process
? (Unless you picked wacko examiners … see slide 4)
11
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 21
Corrections
? “Now there must be some corrections…”
? Some examiners don’t feel they’ve done the job unless they find some
corrections to do.
? Typical corrections
? Typographical / grammatical errors
? Poor presentation
? Missing statements / references
? (Superfluous / redundant statements)
? Missing pieces of work
? Whole sections missing … for example:
? research questions
? critical review of literature
? research methodology
? presentation of results
? validation of results
? discussion and conclusions
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 22#p#分頁標題#e#
Thesis defense
? “Let’s see, what can I ask the candidate?”
? The examiners may have decided before the exam whether to pass you.
? Defense, oral, viva, exam, ...
? viva = “viva voce” = “lively discussion”
? The exam is to check it’s your work...
? Talk fluently about the work;
? show you’ve thought about it (which you have!).
? This is easy
? after all you’ve spent four+ years talking about it!
? ...and a chance to clarify things that aren’t clear in
the thesis.
? These are areas where corrections are likely.
12
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 23
Summary
? Know your audience
? Help them understand:
? Keep it short;
? use signposts;
? get the contents right.
? Make sure you’ve covered the bases
University of Toronto Department of Computer Science
© 1992-2005 Steve Easterbrook. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. 24
What the examiners are looking for
[Adapted from Brown, G. and Atkins, M. (1988) Effective teaching in Higher Education. London: Routledge]
? Review of literature
? To what extent is the review relevant to the
research study?
? Has the candidate slipped into “Here is all I know
about x”?
? Is there evidence of critical appraisal of other
work, or is the review just descriptive?
? How well has the candidate mastered the technical
or theoretical literature?
? Does the candidate make the links between the
review and his or her methodology explicit?
? Is there a summary of the essential features of
other work as it relates to this study?
?Methodology
? What precautions were taken against likely sources
of bias?
? What are the limitations in the methodology? Is
the candidate aware of them?
? Is the methodology for data collection appropriate?
? Are the techniques used for analysis appropriate?
? In the circumstances, has the best methodology
been chosen?
? Has the candidate given an adequate justification
to the methodology?
? Presentation of results
? Have the hypotheses in fact been tested?
? Do the solutions obtained relate to the
questions posed?
? Is the level and form of analysis appropriate
for the data?
? Could the presentation of the results been
made clearer?
? Are patterns and trends in the results
accurately identified and summarized?
? Does the software appear to work
satisfactorily?#p#分頁標題#e#
? Discussion and Conclusions
? Is the candidate aware of possible limits to
confidenhttp://www.400190.com/Thesis_Tips/ce/reliability/validity of the work?
? Have the main points to emerge from the
results been picked up for discussion?
? Are there links made to the literature?
? Is there evidence of attempts at theory
building or reconceptualisation of problems?
?英國dissertation網Are there speculations? Are they well grounded
in the results?