物流管理是供應鏈的一部分

 

簡介

 

物流管理是供應鏈的一部分，它計劃、實施和控制有效、高效、正向和反向（反向）的商品流動和儲存、生產點與消費點之間的服務和信息，以滿足客戶的要求，使顧客滿意。在物流管理領域工作的專業人員被稱為物流師。

 

物流，作為一種商業概念，在1950年代逐步形成。這主要是由于提供給商業的材料日益復雜，產品運輸的供應鏈又不斷全球化，急需該領域的專家，他們就被稱為供應鏈的物流師。這可以被定義為在適當的時間，正確的地點，有恰當數量的合適的產品，以合適的價格提供給恰好有需求的客戶（消費者），對于這個行業的所有部門來說，它的出現都是一種符合科學規律的過程，。

 

物流工作的目標是管理項目的生命周期，供應鏈和由此產生的效率。物流關注的是獲得（或發送）所需的產品到渴望、需要它們的地方。沒有物流的支持，很難完成任何營銷或制造。它涉及到信息的整合，運輸，庫存，倉儲，材料處理和包裝。物流的經營責任是原材料的地理位置定位，按步驟工作，并盡可能在最低成本的情況下完成存貨。

 

物流的起源和定義：

 

“物流”一詞來源于"logos"-比例，字，計算，原因，演講，演說。物流被認為是起源于軍事需要，當軍隊從他們的基地轉移到占地前沿，需要軍隊武器，彈藥和口糧的運送。在古希臘，羅馬和拜占庭帝國，負責經濟管理和物資分配的軍官就有'Logistikas'的職稱。

 

物流管理的目的:

 

物流管理的主要目標是有效、高效地移動供應鏈，以最低成本達到客戶期望的服務水平。因此，物流管理開始于確定客戶的需求，直到他們通過適當的物流管理系統實現需求。然而，通過合適的物流管理系統可以實現一些明確的目標。

 

Part of the supply chain

 

簡介-INTRODUCTION

 

Logistics management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective, forward and backward (reverse) flow and storage of goods, services and information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements rather to the customers' delight. A professional working in the field of logistics management is called a logistician.

 

Logistics, as a business concept, evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials, and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price and to the right target customers (consumer); and it is the science of process having its presence in all sectors of the industry.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies. Logistics is concerned with getting (or transmitting) the products and services where they are needed or when they are desired. It is difficult to accomplish any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support. It involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging. The operating responsibility of logistics is the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and finished inventories where required at the lowest cost possible.

 

Origin and Definition of Logistics:

 

The term "logistics" originates from the ("logos"-"ratio, word, calculation, reason, speech, oration"). Logistics is considered to have originated in the military's need to supply themselves with arms, ammunition and rations as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title 'Logistikas' who were responsible for financial management and distribution of supplies.

 

Objective of Logistics Management:

 

The primary objective of logistics management is to effectively and efficiently move the supply chain so as to extend the desired level of customer service at the least cost. Thus, logistics management starts with ascertaining customers' needs till their fulfilment through product supplies. However, there are some definite objectives to be achieved through a proper logistics system. These can be described as follows:

1.Improving customer service:

 

An important objective of all marketing efforts, including the physical distribution activities, is to improve the customer service. An efficient management of physical distribution can help in improving the level of customer service by developing an effective system of warehousing, quick and economic transportation, and maintaining optimum level of inventory.

2.Rapid Response:

 

Rapid response is concerned with a firm's ability to satisfy customer service requirements in a timely manner. Information technology has increased the capability to postpone logistical operations to the latest possible time and then accomplish rapid delivery of required inventory.

3.Reduce total distribution costs:

 

The cost of physical distribution consists of various elements such as transportation, warehousing and inventory maintenance, and any reduction in the cost of one element may result in an increase in the cost of the other elements. Thus, the objective of the firm should be to reduce the total cost of distribution and not just the cost incurred on any one element.

4.Generating additional sales:

 

A firm can attract additional customers by offering better services at lowest prices. For example, by decentralizing its warehousing operations or by using economic and efficient modes of transportation, a firm can achieve larger market share. Also by avoiding the out-of-stock situation, the loss of loyal customers can be arrested.

5.Creating time and place utilities:

 

The products are physically moved from the place of their origin to the place where they are required for consumption; they do not serve any purpose to the users. Similarly, the products have to be made available at the time they are needed for consumption.

6.Price stabilization:

 

It can be achieved by regulating the flow of the products to the market through a judicious use of available transport facilities and compatible warehouse operations. By stocking the raw material during the period of excess supply and made available during the periods of short supply, the prices can be stabilized.

7.Quality improvement:

 

The long-term objective of the logistical system is to seek continuous quality improvement. Total quality management (TQM) has become a major commitment throughout all facets of industry. If a product becomes defective or if service promises are not kept, little, if any, value is added by the logistics. Logistical costs, once expended, cannot be reversed.

8.Movement consolidation:

 

Consolidation one of the most significant logistical costs is transportation. Transportation cost is directly related to the type of product, size of shipment, and distance. Many Logistical systems that feature premium service depend on high-speed, small shipment transportation. Premium transportation is typically high-cost. To reduce transportation cost. It is desirable to achieve movement consolidation.

 

物流管理的功能-Logistics Management Function 

 

Logistics is the process of movement of goods across the supply chain of the company. This process is consist of various functions, which have to be properly managed to bring effectiveness efficiency in the supply chain of organization. The major logistical function are shown in figure

 

1. Order processing:

 

The starting point of physical distribution activities is the processing of customers' orders. In order to provide quicker customer service, the orders received from customers should be processed within the least possible time. Order processing includes receiving the order, recording the order, filling the order, and assembling all such orders for transportation, etc. the company and the customers benefit when these steps are carried out quickly and accurately. The error committed at this stage at times can prove to be very costly.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Order processing activity consist of the following

•Order checking in any deviations in agreed or negotiation terms

•Prices , payment and delivery terms

•Checking the availability in of the material stocks

•Production and material scheduling for storage

•Acknowledge the order, indicating deviation

 

2. Warehousing:

 

Warehousing refers to the storing and assorting products in order to create time utility. The basic purpose of the warehousing activity is to arrange placement of goods, provide storage facility to store them, consolidate them with other similar products, divide them into smaller quantities and build up assortment of products. Generally, larger the number of warehouses a firm has the lesser would be the time taken in serving customers at different locations, but greater would be the cost of warehousing. Thus, the firm has to strike a balance between the cost of warehousing and the level of customer service.

 

Major decision in warehousing is as follow:

•Location of warehousing facility

•Number of warehousing

•Size of warehouse

•Design of the building

•Ownership of the warehouse

 

3. Inventory Management:

 

Linked to warehousing decisions are the inventory decisions which hold the key to success of physical distribution especially where the inventory costs may be as high 15 as 30-40 per cent (e.g., steel and automobiles). No wonder, therefore, that the new concept of Just-in-Time-Inventory decision is increasingly becoming popular with a number of companies. The decision regarding level of inventory involves estimate of demand for the product. A correct estimate of the demand helps to hold proper inventory level and control the inventory costs. This is not only helps the firm in terms of the cost of inventory and supply to customers in time but also to maintain production at a consistent level. The major factors determining the inventory levels are: The firm's policy regarding the customer service level, Degree of accuracy of the sales forecasts, Responsiveness of the distribution system i.e., ability of the system to transmit inventory needs to the factory and get the products in the market. The cost inventory consists of holding cost (such as cost of warehousing, tied up capital and obsolescence) and replenishment cost (including the manufacturing cost).

 

4. Transportation:

 

Transportation seeks to move goods from points of production and sale to points of consumption in the quantities required at times needed and at a reasonable cost. The transportation system adds time and place utilities to the goods handled and thus, increases their economic value. To achieve these goals, transportation facilities must be adequate, regular, dependable and equitable in terms of costs and benefits of the facilities and service provided.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

5. Information:

 

The physical distribution managers continuously need up-to-date information about inventory, transportation and warehousing. For example, in respect on inventory, information about present stock position at each location, future commitment and replenishment capabilities are constantly required. Similarly, before choosing a 16 carrier, information about the availability of various modes of transport, their costs, services and suitability for a particular product is needed. About warehousing, information with respect to space utilization, work schedules, unit load performance, etc., is required.

 

In order to receive all the information stated above, an efficient management information system would be of immense use in controlling costs, improving services and determining the overall effectiveness of distribution. Of course, it is difficult to correctly assess the cost of physical distribution operations. But if correct information is available it can be analyzed systematically and a great deal of saving can be ensured.

 

6. Facilities:

 

The Facilities logistics element is composed of a variety of planning activities, all of which are directed toward ensuring that all required permanent or semipermanent operating and support facilities (for instance, training, field and depot maintenance, storage, operational, and testing) are available concurrently with system fielding.

 

Planning must be comprehensive and include the need for new construction as well as modifications to existing facilities. Facility construction can take from 5 to 7 years from concept formulation to user occupancy. It also includes studies to define and establish impacts on life cycle cost, funding requirements, facility locations and improvements, space requirements, environmental impacts, duration or frequency of use, safety and health standards requirements, and security restrictions. Also included are any utility requirements, for both fixed and mobile facilities, with emphasis on limiting requirements of scarce or unique resources.

 

運輸方式和倉儲-MODES OF TRANSPORTATION & WAREHOUSING:

 

ROAD : The road freight industry in India is worth about INR 1.42 trillion and is growing at about 6-8 percent year on year (refer figure 6). Manpower spends amount to only about 4 percent of sales as against the overall sector average of 8-10 percent. The industry has traditionally been extremely fragmented - almost 75 percent of the trucking 'companies' are single truck operators and almost 90 percent of trucking companies have a turnover of less than INR 10 million

 

A majority of players in this industry have been small entrepreneurs running family owned businesses. Given their small scale and limited investment capability, most of their investments have been focused on short term gains - direct and immediate impact on the top line / bottom line of the business being the key decision criterion. As a result, investments that pay off in the longer term, such as those in manpower development, have been minimal historically. Also, these businesses are typically tightly controlled by the proprietor and his / her family and as such, making it unattractive for professionals. Poor working conditions, low pay scales relative to alternate careers, poor or non-existent manpower policies and prevalence of unscrupulous practices have added to the segment's woes creating the image of a segment that holds few attractions for those seeking employment.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

While industry players have been incapable of investing in manpower development, the government has also not focused sufficiently on the same. There exist very few formal training institutions for driver training and practically none for operational training on associated areas like loading / unloading supervisory, proper handling practices etc.

 

The result has been that in the current scenario, there exist gaps in core technical skills of the existing set of personnel. For example, the backbone of the trucking industry truck drivers lack knowledge of good driving practices and areas associated with driving like understanding of VAT. Taking a level-wise view of the skill issues, it is seen that in the road sector, skill issues are widespread across the board with the situation being most severe at the operational level

 

Advantages:

•Road network of 3.3 million km is the second largest globally

•55% of total freight movement is via roadways

•Roads offer wide reach and easy accessibility to even small markets

 

Disadvantages:

•High cost of transportation

•National Highways account for only 2% of the total network but carries 40% of total freight

 

Key Developments:

•National Highway Development Project to upgrade and modernise highways

•24,000 km of National Highways are to be upgraded to four/six lanes. Connectivity to ports is also being improved

 

Railway

 

Rail freight traffic revenues stood at around INR 350 billion in 2006 having grown at around 8 percent in the recent past with the growth in the last couple of years being around 10 percent. It is the world's second largest rail network spread over 81,500 km and covering around 7000 stations. Manpower spends amount to about 45 percent of revenues as against the overall sector average of 8-10 percent. Also, non-salary expenditure comprises 36 percent of overall manpower expenditure compared to the sector average of 13-14 percent.

 

With the government being the only employer, recruitment systems in the railways segment are formalized and there exists an institutionalized training infrastructure and policy. Though the employee numbers are high (around 1.4 million) there are no significant skill gaps owing to this traditionally strong in-house training infrastructure. With technological up gradation, certain jobs are made redundant every year with the people on these jobs being absorbed in newer areas through training. However, the rapid introduction of modern technology that is creating gaps even in technical areas such as signalling and telecom. Also, the Railways is facing increase in attrition levels due to gradual opening of the sector.

 

To counter the emerging gaps, the Railways is overhauling the curriculum and infrastructure and rolling out training to the lowest levels (Grade D) to increase productivity. With competition from road and air, the Railways is focusing on making its large manpower more customer friendly. In the overall assessment, therefore, the skill gaps situation in the railways segment does not seem to be alarming.

 

The host of new players entering into the rail container services segment (15 licenses have been awarded for the same) will however require skills that hitherto were only residing with the Indian Railways. While the quantum of requirement at this stage would be small and the need would likely be filled by the buffer created by the Railways, this could become a gap area going forward

 

Advantages:

•Spread over 81,500 km, railways carries 25% of total freight movement

•Low transportation cost as compared to roads

 

Disadvantages:

•Bulk commodities account for 90% of total freight revenues

•Inflexibility to reach deep interiors

 

Key Developments:

•Phase 1 of dedicated freight corridor along Golden Quadrilateral to be initiated in 2008-09

 

Water/Port

 

The growth in shipping has been even higher than that of the railways driven by strong growth in foreign trade both in bulk and containerized cargo. Manpower spends amount to about 8-10 percent; non-salary expenditure varies greatly between companies ranging from 3-20 percent of overall man power expenditure.

 

The nature of liner shipping services to and from India has undergone a sea change in the last few years as a result of the growth in break-bulk and conventional cargoes. With the nature of goods being shipped changing, the potential and opportunities for container transport and logistics companies are enormous. Over the past few years the size and the number of vessels that are being deployed by India has increased.

 

With increasing capacity and infrastructural support, the scope of the operations is set to increase! India now has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries!

 

India ranks 17th in the world in shipping tonnage. ! Indian share of maritime transport services is 1 percent of world market.! The container traffic has registered an impressive growth of 15 per cent over the last five years.

 

The Government is responsible for creation of the trained manpower required for the country's merchant navy fleet and also facilitation of training and employment of seafarers in foreign flag vessels. .

 

In addition to the above, there are about 124 training institutes in the private sector approved by the Director General of Shipping, imparting pre-sea and post sea training in various disciplines. The Directorate General of Shipping maintains a system of inspections to ensure the quality of training. India is globally recognized as a very important source of mercantile manpower.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Accentuating the situation is the inherent disadvantage to the Indian ship owners as employers arising by virtue of extra burden of income tax on Indian seafarers' income. This makes the employment on a foreign flag the first choice of any Indian seafarer, and thereby denies the best talent to the local shipping industry.

 

Thus, in the core shipping industry, while the manpower situation in terms of quality fares much better than the other segments of logistics, the issue here is that of quantity with an increasing number of qualified people being attracted towards working on foreign vessels as they offer better salaries and perks. However, if one were to look at the ports side, there is an increasing lack of trained manpower for pilotage functions and equipment operators

 

Advantages:

•Cheapest mode of transportation

 

Disadvantages:

•Poor state of inland waterways in the country

•High turnover time

 

Key Developments:

•Cargo handling capacity of ports to be increased from 600 million tones in 2007 to 1500 million tones by 2015

 

AIR :

 

Though the air freight segment holds a small share of India's freight market, it is growing at a fast pace. While India accounts for meagre 3 percent of the global air cargo market, the Indian air cargo industry is expected to double in size by the year 2010, as per an expert estimate.

 

As in the case of sea freight, the level of formalization and standardization of operations in the air freight segment is greater than in the road sector. By virtue of the level of investments in assets, network and relationships required to be a player in this segment, it has traditionally been relatively more organized leading to greater regard for manpower development. The market leaders typically have established internal structured training practices to train the staff employed at this level.

 

Nevertheless, there exist perceived gaps at the operational / front line level and are primarily to do with soft skills, such as relationship management, interpersonal and managerial, and supervisory skills.

 

Advantages:

•Fastest mode of transportation

 

Disadvantages:

•Low freight movement

•87% of total freight traffic being handled by airports in metro cities

 

Key Developments:

•Modernisation of 37 operational airports and development of new airports will increase air cargo handling capacity

 

WAREHOUSE:

 

The warehousing segment consists of storage warehousing related to distribution whether inbound or outbound trans shipment warehouses or 'terminals' used for bulking / de-bulking, stuffing / de-stuffing cross docking and temporary storage (including CFS and ICD)#p#分頁標題#e#

 

The warehousing segment is perhaps where the greatest growth potential exists. Like road transportation, this segment has traditionally been extremely fragmented, small scale and scattered geographically. A key reason for this has been India's indirect tax structure, with tax paid on cross border (state border) sales not being fully set off against local tax liabilities. As a result, most players resorted to setting up small warehouses across different states, rather than large, centralized set-ups. This has led to the prevalence of small scale, fragmented warehouses, with corresponding inefficiencies. This cause and effect cycle is depicted in

 

Increasingly, warehouses are being used to serve several important functions, beyond mere storage of products

•Customer service

 

Increasingly, warehouse are being used as the customer service and repair centers. This ensures quick availability of spare parts and offers low turnaround time

•Distribution

 

The goods are dispatched to the dealers/distributors from the warehouse. The warehouse, thus, performs functions like invoicing and order processing.

•Value Addition

 

Increasingly, warehouses are also being used to do higher end tasks associated with production till now. These include MRP tagging, promotion bundling, repackaging , quality checking etc.

•Product mixing

 

A warehouse may be used as a place where material from different factories of an organization is mixed and dispatched to common set of distributors.

•Stockpiling

 

A warehouse is often used as a stockpiling location to manage demand-supply gaps over a longer term. While no organized players have evolved in this segment, several trends are driving the need for a more professional and organized approach to warehousing. Figure outlines the several additional functions that warehouses perform today, apart from being physical storage points such as Stockpiling, Product Mixing, Value addition, Distribution and Customer Service. These functions require different skill sets and hence, warehouse service providers today need to develop proficiencies in a diverse set of both core and non-core activities

 

The size of the warehousing segment is estimated to be INR 1.2 trillion in 2006; while the overall sector growth may be estimated to be around the GDP growth rate of 8-9 percent, the organized portion of this market is estimated to be growing at over 20 percent.

 

A majority of players in this industry are small / medium entrepreneurs running the warehouse as a CFA for one or more companies. As mentioned earlier, the scale of these warehouses was never large enough to tap scale economies or justify investments in higher standards.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

However, going forward, while implementation of the VAT regime is expected to drive consolidation and hence larger scale warehouses, the rapid growth of organized retail is expected to drive sophistication and efficiency in warehousing practices.

 

These developments would drive the need for specialized warehousing skills like picking and packing, inventory management, proper handling practices including usage of warehousing equipment like stackers, pallet trucks etc. and ability to understand and use warehouse management systems (WMS)

 

The growth in the proportion of containerized cargo in addition to the opening up of container rail transport is giving a boost to the development of Container Freight Stations (CFS) and Inland Container Depots (ICD). These 'warehouses', being used more for transhipment than storage per se, require basic skills around loading / unloading, stuffing / destuffing etc. at the operational level

 

Newly developed electronic commodity markets, such as Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. have played an instrumental role in the logistics. Creation and development of warehouses followed the emergence of these markets or exchanges.

 

MCX's collateral management arm National Bulk Handling Corporation Ltd (NBHC), a national-level end-to-end solutions provider in warehousing, bulk handling, grading and inspection, commodity care, pest management and collateral management of commodities, is playing a key role in taking logistics and, hence, markets closer to the producers. Sticking to their mandate, commodity derivatives markets have proved to be extremely beneficial to farmers.

 

The gap between prices (many of the commodities) in the post-harvest season and those in any lean season has narrowed down significantly over the past few years.

 

Earlier, during the pre-futures era, when prices would slump immediately after harvest, farmers would have to make distress sales. But today, with the opportunity to sell for a better price at futures markets, they stand to benefit enormously. While growers can store (hold back) their produce in NBHC-monitored warehouses in anticipation of realizing higher prices later, they can avail of loans against warehouse receipts (WRs), to help them carry on with their crop operations for the next season. In the few years of its existence, NBHC has built a rather strong and wide logistics network with professionally managed scientific warehouses armed with market-approved quality-testing techniques. And this has attracted investors and participants from various backgrounds, creating better linkages among the markets. The development of logistics by creating good warehouse infrastructure would surely go a long way in lifting farmers' incomes. Such infrastructure is expected to get a fillip with the recent passage of the Warehousing (Regulatory & Development) Bill and its effective implementation.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Both public and private enterprises' participation in equal measures is required for developing logistics and improving supply chain management. Very importantly, the lesson for private investors is that it is not just about creating efficient business to thrive in the logistics sector, but also about exploring and revamping other areas by way of diverting energy, costs and time that were otherwise wasted in a weak logistics system.

 

印度物流公司-Logistics Companies of India

 

The land which opens up wide array of opportunities for the logistics service providers across the world is India. The high demand for the logistics services is due to the significant growth of economy. A few years back the value of the India logistics market was is $14 billion and will grow at a rate of 7-8%. The logistics companies in India cater to millions of retailers and meet the requirements of about a billion people. The list below gives the name of the best logistics companies in India.

 

LIST OF TOP LOGISTICS COMPANIES OF INDIA:

 

TNT Express:

 

This company is a key leader in the international market in the sector of global express services. The company ensures safe and on time delivery of your documents, freight and parcels. The company offers time and day definite delivery in about 200 nations across the world. It operates 47 jet freighter aircraft and 26,000 road vehicles and has a network of 2,300 companies.

 

AFL:

 

One among the acknowledged leaders among the logistics companies in India is AFL. Through its domain of logistics services, the company has delivered world class service in India. In 1979,the company introduced the first ever courier service by forming an alliance with DHL World Wide Express. The company offers services like Logistics and warehousing, Courier Company and Custom Consultant.

 

DHL:

 

This company is one among the major logistics companies in India. It is a market leader globally in overland transport, air freight and international express. The company ranks No.1 in the world in contract logistics and ocean freight. The biggest logistics and express network in the world has a network in about 220 territories and countries, 72,000 vehicles, 350 Aircrafts,36 hubs and 4,700 bases.

 

Blue Dart:

 

This logistics company is South Asia's top integrated express package Distribution and Courier Company. The domestic network of the company covers about 21,340 locations and provides service to 220 countries by the company's sales alliance with DHL. It provides the best service like Free Pick up from Your location, Regulatory Clearances, Real Time Tracking, Free Computerized Proof of Delivery etc.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Gati:

 

The company is a key leader in then arena of express cargo delivery and a significant one in the supply chain management solutions and distribution in India since the year 1989.The company provides services like the Ware Housing, Express Cargo etc. Logistics Solutions of the company are Warehousing, Supply chain Management. The Distribution Solutions of the company are Gati Surface Express, Gati coast to coast and Gati Air Express etc.

 

Safexpress:

 

It is one of the largest express company in India. The company offers the best and integrated logistics solutions. In 2002 the Limca Book of Records declared the company as the Largest Logistics service Provider in India. The company has a network over 550 locations in 28 states and 7 countries. It has 3000 weather proof ISO-9002 vehicles.

 

Ashok Leyland:

 

The leading provider of logistic vehicles for the India Army is this company. It is a key leader in the tractor-tailers and multi axle trucks. The company manufactures buses, trucks, engines and special application vehicles in India. It is promoting a new company called Ashley Transport Services Ltd. for exchange of information and integrated services related to logistics in order to tackle the business of freight contractors.

 

Agarwal Packers and Movers:

 

This popular Indian logistics company provides logistic services like the home shifting, car packing etc. across India. The company believes in keeping technology and people and of course heart and soul in the movement of the individuals respective items. The company offers quality service in transportation and packing.

 

DTDC:

 

The biggest Domestic Delivery Network Company is DTDC. The company offers high class delivery service in about 3700 Indian locations and 240 international places. The company dispatches about 10 million parcels in a month. It also offers low cost for bigger parcels to US, UK, India, Nepal, Dubai and other places across the world.

 

First Flight:

 

This logistics company in India specializes in courier services worldwide. The multi-tracking programs of the company are Domestic, International, First Wheels, First Wings and many others. The overseas offices of the company are in Malaysia, Singapore, UK, US, UAE, Quatar, Oman.

 

總結-CONCLUSION

 

Indian Logistics industry is continuously improving its performance in the global logistics industry by improvement of customs, trade-related infrastructure, inland transit, logistics services, information systems, and port efficiency help to provide trade goods and services on time and at low cost. The World Bank's 2007th Global Logistics Report ranks India 39 amongst 150 countries in terms of logistics performance during the year as well as its future potential.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Indian Logistics industry has low performance than developed countries like USA, UK and Singapore in global logistics sectors due inefficiency in logistics services and highest among the low-income group countries. India spend in Logistics activities equivalent to 13 % of its GDP is higher than that of developed countries. The key reason is the relatively high level of inefficiency in the system with lower average trucking speeds, higher turnaround time at ports and high cost of administrative delays.

 

3PL service provider share is less in logistics sector in India as compare to developed countries and still at the nascent stage. Multinational companies in all industries have been predominant users of this service as one of reason for lesser share 3PL in India. Also in India organised sector not well established as compare to developed nation this contain cost of inventory holding, transportation, warehousing, packaging, & related to administration is higher.

 

In Indian logistics sector major sector investors are Aviation, Metal & Mining & Consumer Durable. Also logistics industry in India improves the performance of other industries year to year and share of logistics cost in sale also important which is maximum in cement sector.

 

Transportation modes grow with of domestic and international market & in India road better mode of transportation because of well infrastructure of roads in India as compare to other mode like water, rail and sea. Road freight in India grows with increase of domestic & international trade also large area coverage. Railway freight also increases due low freight as compare to road but cover some of area and better for long distance movement of goods. Sea freight also increase better for overseas movement of goods at low cost as compare to air but consume more time as compare to air. Air mode of transportation is also helps in both domestic & international movement of goods but for international movement is more as compare to the domestic due to the higher cost, safe and faster way as compare to others modes.

 

建議 & 推薦-SUGGESTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

•Scheduling of service time point of arrival and departure of rails, ships and plane has great scope for improvement. They never run on time and require national discipline.

•Legal system is not in keeping with the modern outlook of life and business. The laws are out mode and require comprehensive amendments. The laws are infect remnant of British Rule and provision contained therein do not meet the requirements of modern and complex international trade.

•It augurs well observing development of national and selected state highways for faster movement of traffic. It is response to free trade regime being speedily established under the compulsive auspicious of WTO in the interest of humanity. It is hoped that the implementation of the gargantuan project would be on schedule or at least without much time cost overrun.#p#分頁標題#e#

•In this connection the UPA-1 government initiated the greatest ever emphasis on infrastructure development, general and specific ; UPA-2 has lent first priority and invited convergence of all ministries agenda to bear upon this infrastructure subject of international standard to facilitate movement of foreign capital with promise of high profitability as the country cannot movelise resources of the required dimension.

•The system and procedure obtaining in government department are incontinent, time consuming and not at all business centric. The official are trained as ever in manage development. There should be time to bound programme of simplify procedure and format.

•Logistics development is absolutely necessary. In the absence of flow less and latest logistics, the MNCs shy away from doing business in India. There is need to increase FDI in logistics sphere and relaxing of norms relating to entry, taxation, import of material handling and movement of equipment etc.