Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
3. Differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
4. Conclusion
5. Works cited

目錄

1。介紹

2。現(xiàn)代化理論之間的相似性和依賴?yán)碚?/p>

3。現(xiàn)代化理論與依賴的差異理論

4。結(jié)論

5。作品引用

介紹

如今的迅速發(fā)展和日益一體化詞的國家?guī)缀醪挥绊懓l(fā)展的新理論試圖解釋國與國之間的關(guān)系及存在的差距與發(fā)達(dá)國家的第三世界國家。在這方面,它可能是指現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論,是完全不同的,還是有一定的相似之處,但其現(xiàn)代世界的看法,發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的關(guān)系。

它值得提到這種比較這些理論,將有助于更好的了解當(dāng)前的趨勢(shì),在國際關(guān)系和未來前景的世界。同時(shí),這一理論有助于評(píng)估現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展和不發(fā)達(dá)國家之間的關(guān)系更客觀存在的差異,由于這兩個(gè)理論。

現(xiàn)代化理論之間的相似性和依賴?yán)碚?/p>

首先,應(yīng)該說,是發(fā)展依賴?yán)碚摶貞?yīng)現(xiàn)代化理論純粹出于批評(píng)理論,后者的依賴?yán)碚摰闹С终摺．?dāng)然,這個(gè)事實(shí)確定這些理論之間最主要的差別,但是,盡管如此,仍有一定的相似之處和依賴現(xiàn)代化理論。

談到有相似之處,但它主要是必要的,指出這兩種理論付出很多的關(guān)注與發(fā)達(dá)國家存在的差距和不發(fā)達(dá)國家的,屬于第三世界。把它更精確、現(xiàn)代化、依附理論站在地面上,西方國家,世界的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者們由于他們的更高層次的發(fā)展,影響實(shí)際生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化生活,甚至(鑰匙丟了,210)。作為一個(gè)結(jié)果,存在一種強(qiáng)烈的聯(lián)系發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家。

而且這兩種理論狀態(tài),發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗(yàn),緊隨其后的是發(fā)展中國家和不發(fā)達(dá)國家國家,其主要發(fā)展方向是一致的,但他們還是不發(fā)達(dá)國家,抓住后者留在后衛(wèi)世界發(fā)展。與之形成鮮明對(duì)比,發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,在整個(gè)世界的發(fā)展,整合世界所有國家在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)主要方式的發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的交互作用,對(duì)于兩個(gè)理論都同意本互動(dòng)不斷增加。

同時(shí),現(xiàn)代化和依賴?yán)碚搹?qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的關(guān)系是不同的,并且存在一種依賴發(fā)展中國家在發(fā)達(dá)國家,雖然這依賴的看法有很大差別。不過,這兩種理論的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)西方國家在現(xiàn)代世界,離開小房間的可選擇的方式開發(fā)而西方的,都被視為是唯一途徑,未來世界的發(fā)展,在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的脈絡(luò)下。

它值得提到這兩種理論都被ethnocentric,因?yàn)樗麄儙缀鹾雎粤丝赡艿陌l(fā)展,但發(fā)展中國家的選擇,相反,他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,西部大開發(fā)的國家將發(fā)展中國家的例子,心甘情愿與否,將遵循,而與此同時(shí),他們真的不承認(rèn)的可選擇的方式發(fā)展的第三世界國家(普雷斯頓,137)。然而,它值得提到的例子,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,但其發(fā)展的道路相差很大,從地位的西方方式,但這國家不符合任何基本假設(shè)的理論。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

現(xiàn)代化理論與依賴的差異理論

盡管存在相似之處的現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論、它們之間的差異,更實(shí)質(zhì)性的,它甚至還可以估計(jì)這些學(xué)說是對(duì)立的在看法上世界的發(fā)展,國際關(guān)系,特別是在發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的關(guān)系。事實(shí)上,差異和依賴?yán)碚摻Y(jié)果現(xiàn)代化理論的起源要從依附理論,因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)提到的,研制了針對(duì)現(xiàn)代化理論。

在分析現(xiàn)有兩種理論之間的差異,首先,必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)代化理論觀點(diǎn)世界的發(fā)展和發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的關(guān)系作為潛在的平等關(guān)系國家正處在一個(gè)不同的發(fā)展階段的時(shí)候。把它更準(zhǔn)確的說,現(xiàn)代化理論站在地面上,西方國家成熟的和西部發(fā)展的道路都被視為是最成功的角度和在那里幾乎沒有其他選擇這樣的發(fā)展。這就是為什么這個(gè)理論的支持者堅(jiān)持發(fā)展合作的必要性,發(fā)達(dá)國家與發(fā)展中國家之間為了使后者更接近前者。什么是這里的事實(shí)是現(xiàn)代化理論強(qiáng)調(diào)借鑒其經(jīng)驗(yàn)的必要性,西方國家的發(fā)展中國家第三世界(斯科特196)。基本上,發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)該盲從的例子,這更多的西方發(fā)達(dá)國家能給他們帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化的繁榮。

當(dāng)然,要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)該發(fā)展他們的合作在生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、教育、社會(huì)關(guān)系,與西方國家的,而后者是更先進(jìn)的相比,發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)該幫助他們達(dá)到最高水平的發(fā)展通過教育、技術(shù)支持、專家咨詢等方式,對(duì)第三世界國家的。這樣,這個(gè)理論觀點(diǎn)和政治生活的現(xiàn)代化的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中國家的基礎(chǔ)上,西方國家的例子是唯一可能的解決這個(gè)問題,因?yàn)槲鞣降穆浜筘毟F國家發(fā)展的道路,根據(jù)現(xiàn)代化理論,是唯一正確的繁榮。

形成鮮明對(duì)比,現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論突顯出,發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家之間的關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)的日益增多的合作不依賴他們而是在發(fā)展中國家對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國家。把它更準(zhǔn)確地說,依賴?yán)碚摰闹С终哒驹诘孛嫔?西方各國真的是比發(fā)展中國家更先進(jìn)但后者效尤并不僅僅因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)敢膺@么做,不是因?yàn)樗麄冋娴南嘈盼鞣桨l(fā)展的道路是真的變的更好,但相比之下,他們被迫選擇同樣的方法發(fā)展了西方國家已為了成為世界的一部分社區(qū),避免孤立的國家,或者更糟的是,即使在他們的西方國家干預(yù)政策。在這方面,有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)依賴?yán)碚摰闹С终哒J(rèn)為,西方國家政治和它們的規(guī)則強(qiáng)加給它們迫使他們對(duì)發(fā)展中國家接受西方的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范,而任何人不服從的部分發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁的威脅甚至軍事干預(yù),從發(fā)達(dá)國家的部分(Schelkle,231)。

這樣一來,與現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論不會(huì)把選擇支持西部發(fā)展的道路從所有問題的萬靈丹或一種有意識(shí)的選擇,這確實(shí)是支持的人口與發(fā)展中國家的少數(shù)精英提供但這樣的西化被看作是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國家的暴力干擾生活中的第三世界。當(dāng)然,這一政策導(dǎo)致發(fā)展中國家越來越依賴于發(fā)達(dá)國家,因此,使社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的突破可能。相比之下,在其可能性現(xiàn)代化理論認(rèn)為由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與政治生活的現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家的進(jìn)一步合作,這應(yīng)該是一個(gè)有意識(shí)的行為,而發(fā)展中國家尋求繁榮。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

結(jié)論

因此,考慮到所有上面提到的,它可能會(huì)得出這樣的結(jié)論:現(xiàn)代化理論、依附理論在看法上是相似的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)。把它更準(zhǔn)確的說,對(duì)于兩個(gè)理論都承認(rèn)西方國家和他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)目前主導(dǎo)地位在現(xiàn)代世界,雖然落后國家社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治具有落后。與此同時(shí),兩種理論認(rèn)為和西方國家之間的合作不斷增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展中國家,導(dǎo)致他們的整合。

然而,有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)代化理論觀點(diǎn)這樣的協(xié)作與整合和自愿行為作為一個(gè)有意識(shí)的發(fā)展中國家的一部分,而西方風(fēng)格的現(xiàn)代化是唯一的方法,以克服現(xiàn)有的落后,而依賴?yán)碚摰闹С终咧赋鲞@種協(xié)作與整合,發(fā)展中國家實(shí)施更先進(jìn)的西方國家,僅僅是為了受益于他們的合作與發(fā)展中國家的西化,就會(huì)建立控制和增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展中國家依賴于發(fā)達(dá)國家。

不管怎樣,彼此間存在的一些分歧,這兩種理論卻提高了一個(gè)非常重要的問題,發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家之間的關(guān)系和占主導(dǎo)地位的西方國家和西方文明在現(xiàn)代世界。

Introduction
Nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Modernization theory and Dependency theory which, being quite different, still have certain similarities in their views on the modern world and relationships between developed and developing countries.
It is worthy of mention that the comparison of these theories will help better understand the current trends in international relations and the future perspectives of the world. At the same time, this theories help assess the current situation and relationships between developed and undeveloped countries more objectively due to existing differences between the two theories.
Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
First of all, it should be said that Dependency theory was developed in response to Modernization theory out of sheer criticism of the latter theory by the supporters of Dependency theory. Naturally, this fact determined the principal difference between these theories, but, nevertheless, there are still certain similarities between Modernization and Dependency theories.
Speaking about the similarities, it is primarily necessary to point out that both theories pay a lot of attention to the gap existing between developed countries and undeveloped ones belonging to the third world. To put it more precisely, Modernization and Dependency theory stand on the ground that Western countries are the world leaders due to their higher level of development, which affects practically all spheres of life, including economic, political, social, and even cultural life (Leys, 210). As a result, there exist a strong link between developed and developing countries.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Furthermore both theories state that the experience of developed countries is followed by developing and undeveloped countries, which basically develop in the same direction as developed countries but still they cannot catch the latter up and remain in the rearguard of the world development. In stark contrast, developed countries play the key role in the development of the entire world and the integration of all countries of the world in the global economy is one of the major ways of interaction between developed and developing countries and both theories agrees that this interaction constantly increases.
At the same time, both Modernization and Dependency theories underline that the relationships between developed and developing countries is unequal and there exist a kind of dependence of developing countries on developed ones, though the views on this dependence vary considerably. Nevertheless, both theories underline the dominant position of Western countries in the modern world and leave little room for the alternative ways of the development but the western one, which is viewed as the only way of the development of the future world in the context of the global economy.
It is worthy of mention that both theories are ethnocentric in a way because they practically ignore the possibility of the alternative development of developing countries but, instead they insist that the development of western countries will be the example developing countries, willingly or not, will follow, while, at the same time, they do not really admit the alternative ways of development of countries of the Third world (Preston, 137). However, it is worthy of mention the example of China which economy is progressing rapidly but its way of development differs considerably from the dominant western way, but this country does not meet to the basic assumptions of either of the theories.

Difference between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
In spite of existing similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory, differences between them are much more substantial and it is even possible to estimate that these theories are antagonistic in their views on the development of the world and international relationships, especially on the relationship between developed and developing countries. In fact, differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory result from the origin of Dependency theory which, as it has been already mentioned above, was developed in response to Modernization theory.
On analyzing existing differences between the two theories, first of all, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views the development of the world and relationships between developed and developing countries as the relationships of potentially equal countries which are just at a different stage of development at the moment. To put it more precisely, Modernization theory stands on the ground that western countries are well-developed and western way of development is viewed as the most successful and perspective while there is practically no other alternatives to this way of the development. This is why the supporters of this theory insist on the necessity to develop the cooperation between developed and developing countries in order to make the latter closer to the former. What is meant here is the fact that Modernization theory underlines the necessity of borrowing the experience of western countries by developing countries of the Third world (Scott 196). Basically, developing countries should follow blindly the example of more developed western countries and this will bring them economic, social, and cultural prosperity.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
Naturally, to achieve this goal, developing countries should develop their cooperation in all spheres of life, including economy, politics, culture, education, and social relations, with western countries, while the latter, being more advanced compared to developing countries should help them achieve the highest level of development through education, technological assistance and consulting of countries of the Third world. In such a way, this theory views modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries on the basis of the example of western countries as the only possible solution of the problem of backwardness of poor countries since western way of development is, according to Modernization theory, is the only correct way to prosperity.
In stark contrast to Modernization theory, Dependency theory underlines that relationships between developing and developed countries are based not on the growing cooperation between them but rather on the dependence of developing countries on developed ones. To put it more precisely, supporters of Dependency theory stand on the ground that western countries are really more advanced than developing countries but the latter follow their example not just because they are willing to do so nor because they really believe that western way of development is really better but, in contrast, they are forced to choose the same way of development as western countries have already made in order to become a part of the world community and avoid the isolation of the country or, what is more, even the intervention of western countries in their policy. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that supporters of Dependency theory argue that western countries impose their politics and their rules to developing countries forcing them to accept western standards and norms, while any disobedience from the part of developing countries threatens by economic sanctions or even military intervention from the part of developed countries (Schelkle, 231).
In such a way, unlike Modernization theory, Dependency theory does not view the choice in favor of western way of development as the panacea from all problems or as a conscious choice that is really supported by the population and elite of developing countries but such westernization of developing countries is viewed as a violent interference of developed countries in the life of the Third world. Naturally, such a policy leads to the growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones and, therefore, makes the socio-economic breakthrough impossible. In contrast, Modernization theory believes in its possibility due to the modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries and their closer cooperation with developed countries, which is supposed to be a conscious and willing act of developing countries looking for ways to prosperity.

Conclusion
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Modernization theory and Dependency theory are similar in their views on the modern world. To put it more precisely, both theories admit the leadership of western countries and their currently dominant position in the modern world, while undeveloped countries are characterized by socio-economic and political backwardness. At the same time, the two theories agree that the cooperation between western countries and developing countries is constantly growing and leads to their integration.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
However, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views such cooperation and integration as a conscious and voluntary act from the part of developing countries, for which modernization in the western style is the only way to overcome the existing backwardness, while supporters of Dependency theory argue that such cooperation and integration is imposed to developing countries by more advanced western countries, which simply attempt to benefit from their cooperation with developing countries and their westernization becomes a way of the establishment of control over and growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones.
Regardless, the existing differences, both theories still raise a very important problem of relationships between developed and developing countries and the dominance of western countries and western civilization in the modern world.

Works cited:

美國dissertation范文Gilman, N. Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Leys, C. The rise & fall of development theory. Indiana University Press, 1996.
Preston, P.W. Development theory: an introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996.
Schelkle, W. (et al.) Paradigms of social change: Modernization, development, transformation, evolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
Scott, Catherine V. Gender and development: Rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1995.