Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory現代化理論、依附理論
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
3. Differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
4. Conclusion
5. Works cited

目錄

1。介紹

2。現代化理論之間的相似性和依賴理論

3。現代化理論與依賴的差異理論

4。結論

5。作品引用

介紹

如今的迅速發展和日益一體化詞的國家幾乎不影響發展的新理論試圖解釋國與國之間的關系及存在的差距與發達國家的第三世界國家。在這方面,它可能是指現代化理論、依附理論,是完全不同的,還是有一定的相似之處,但其現代世界的看法,發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系。

它值得提到這種比較這些理論,將有助于更好的了解當前的趨勢,在國際關系和未來前景的世界。同時,這一理論有助于評估現狀及發展和不發達國家之間的關系更客觀存在的差異,由于這兩個理論。

現代化理論之間的相似性和依賴理論

首先,應該說,是發展依賴理論回應現代化理論純粹出于批評理論,后者的依賴理論的支持者。當然,這個事實確定這些理論之間最主要的差別,但是,盡管如此,仍有一定的相似之處和依賴現代化理論。

談到有相似之處,但它主要是必要的,指出這兩種理論付出很多的關注與發達國家存在的差距和不發達國家的,屬于第三世界。把它更精確、現代化、依附理論站在地面上,西方國家,世界的領導者們由于他們的更高層次的發展,影響實際生活的各個領域,包括經濟、政治、社會和文化生活,甚至(鑰匙丟了,210)。作為一個結果,存在一種強烈的聯系發達國家和發展中國家。

而且這兩種理論狀態,發達國家的經驗,緊隨其后的是發展中國家和不發達國家國家,其主要發展方向是一致的,但他們還是不發達國家,抓住后者留在后衛世界發展。與之形成鮮明對比,發達國家發揮關鍵作用,在整個世界的發展,整合世界所有國家在世界經濟的一個主要方式的發達國家和發展中國家之間的交互作用,對于兩個理論都同意本互動不斷增加。

同時,現代化和依賴理論強調發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系是不同的,并且存在一種依賴發展中國家在發達國家,雖然這依賴的看法有很大差別。不過,這兩種理論的主導地位的強調西方國家在現代世界,離開小房間的可選擇的方式開發而西方的,都被視為是唯一途徑,未來世界的發展,在全球經濟的脈絡下。

它值得提到這兩種理論都被ethnocentric,因為他們幾乎忽略了可能的發展,但發展中國家的選擇,相反,他們堅持認為,西部大開發的國家將發展中國家的例子,心甘情愿與否,將遵循,而與此同時,他們真的不承認的可選擇的方式發展的第三世界國家(普雷斯頓,137)。然而,它值得提到的例子,中國經濟發展迅速,但其發展的道路相差很大,從地位的西方方式,但這國家不符合任何基本假設的理論。#p#分頁標題#e#

現代化理論與依賴的差異理論

盡管存在相似之處的現代化理論、依附理論、它們之間的差異,更實質性的,它甚至還可以估計這些學說是對立的在看法上世界的發展,國際關系,特別是在發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系。事實上,差異和依賴理論結果現代化理論的起源要從依附理論,因為它已經提到的,研制了針對現代化理論。

在分析現有兩種理論之間的差異,首先,必須強調的是現代化理論觀點世界的發展和發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系作為潛在的平等關系國家正處在一個不同的發展階段的時候。把它更準確的說,現代化理論站在地面上,西方國家成熟的和西部發展的道路都被視為是最成功的角度和在那里幾乎沒有其他選擇這樣的發展。這就是為什么這個理論的支持者堅持發展合作的必要性,發達國家與發展中國家之間為了使后者更接近前者。什么是這里的事實是現代化理論強調借鑒其經驗的必要性,西方國家的發展中國家第三世界(斯科特196)。基本上,發展中國家應該盲從的例子,這更多的西方發達國家能給他們帶來的經濟、社會和文化的繁榮。

當然,要實現這一目標,發展中國家應該發展他們的合作在生活的各個領域,包括經濟、政治、文化、教育、社會關系,與西方國家的,而后者是更先進的相比,發展中國家應該幫助他們達到最高水平的發展通過教育、技術支持、專家咨詢等方式,對第三世界國家的。這樣,這個理論觀點和政治生活的現代化的社會經濟發展中國家的基礎上,西方國家的例子是唯一可能的解決這個問題,因為西方的落后貧窮國家發展的道路,根據現代化理論,是唯一正確的繁榮。

形成鮮明對比,現代化理論、依附理論突顯出,發展中國家和發達國家之間的關系為基礎的日益增多的合作不依賴他們而是在發展中國家對發達國家。把它更準確地說,依賴理論的支持者站在地面上,西方各國真的是比發展中國家更先進但后者效尤并不僅僅因為他們愿意這么做,不是因為他們真的相信西方發展的道路是真的變的更好,但相比之下,他們被迫選擇同樣的方法發展了西方國家已為了成為世界的一部分社區,避免孤立的國家,或者更糟的是,即使在他們的西方國家干預政策。在這方面,有必要強調依賴理論的支持者認為,西方國家政治和它們的規則強加給它們迫使他們對發展中國家接受西方的標準和規范,而任何人不服從的部分發展中國家的經濟制裁的威脅甚至軍事干預,從發達國家的部分(Schelkle,231)。

這樣一來,與現代化理論、依附理論不會把選擇支持西部發展的道路從所有問題的萬靈丹或一種有意識的選擇,這確實是支持的人口與發展中國家的少數精英提供但這樣的西化被看作是一個發展中國家對發達國家的暴力干擾生活中的第三世界。當然,這一政策導致發展中國家越來越依賴于發達國家,因此,使社會經濟的突破可能。相比之下,在其可能性現代化理論認為由于經濟發展與政治生活的現代化發展中國家和發達國家的進一步合作,這應該是一個有意識的行為,而發展中國家尋求繁榮。#p#分頁標題#e#

結論

因此,考慮到所有上面提到的,它可能會得出這樣的結論:現代化理論、依附理論在看法上是相似的現代社會。把它更準確的說,對于兩個理論都承認西方國家和他們的領導目前主導地位在現代世界,雖然落后國家社會經濟和政治具有落后。與此同時,兩種理論認為和西方國家之間的合作不斷增長的發展中國家,導致他們的整合。

然而,有必要強調的是現代化理論觀點這樣的協作與整合和自愿行為作為一個有意識的發展中國家的一部分,而西方風格的現代化是唯一的方法,以克服現有的落后,而依賴理論的支持者指出這種協作與整合,發展中國家實施更先進的西方國家,僅僅是為了受益于他們的合作與發展中國家的西化,就會建立控制和增長的發展中國家依賴于發達國家。

不管怎樣,彼此間存在的一些分歧,這兩種理論卻提高了一個非常重要的問題,發達國家和發展中國家之間的關系和占主導地位的西方國家和西方文明在現代世界。

Introduction
Nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Modernization theory and Dependency theory which, being quite different, still have certain similarities in their views on the modern world and relationships between developed and developing countries.
It is worthy of mention that the comparison of these theories will help better understand the current trends in international relations and the future perspectives of the world. At the same time, this theories help assess the current situation and relationships between developed and undeveloped countries more objectively due to existing differences between the two theories.
Similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
First of all, it should be said that Dependency theory was developed in response to Modernization theory out of sheer criticism of the latter theory by the supporters of Dependency theory. Naturally, this fact determined the principal difference between these theories, but, nevertheless, there are still certain similarities between Modernization and Dependency theories.
Speaking about the similarities, it is primarily necessary to point out that both theories pay a lot of attention to the gap existing between developed countries and undeveloped ones belonging to the third world. To put it more precisely, Modernization and Dependency theory stand on the ground that Western countries are the world leaders due to their higher level of development, which affects practically all spheres of life, including economic, political, social, and even cultural life (Leys, 210). As a result, there exist a strong link between developed and developing countries.#p#分頁標題#e#
Furthermore both theories state that the experience of developed countries is followed by developing and undeveloped countries, which basically develop in the same direction as developed countries but still they cannot catch the latter up and remain in the rearguard of the world development. In stark contrast, developed countries play the key role in the development of the entire world and the integration of all countries of the world in the global economy is one of the major ways of interaction between developed and developing countries and both theories agrees that this interaction constantly increases.
At the same time, both Modernization and Dependency theories underline that the relationships between developed and developing countries is unequal and there exist a kind of dependence of developing countries on developed ones, though the views on this dependence vary considerably. Nevertheless, both theories underline the dominant position of Western countries in the modern world and leave little room for the alternative ways of the development but the western one, which is viewed as the only way of the development of the future world in the context of the global economy.
It is worthy of mention that both theories are ethnocentric in a way because they practically ignore the possibility of the alternative development of developing countries but, instead they insist that the development of western countries will be the example developing countries, willingly or not, will follow, while, at the same time, they do not really admit the alternative ways of development of countries of the Third world (Preston, 137). However, it is worthy of mention the example of China which economy is progressing rapidly but its way of development differs considerably from the dominant western way, but this country does not meet to the basic assumptions of either of the theories.

Difference between Modernization theory and Dependency theory
In spite of existing similarities between Modernization theory and Dependency theory, differences between them are much more substantial and it is even possible to estimate that these theories are antagonistic in their views on the development of the world and international relationships, especially on the relationship between developed and developing countries. In fact, differences between Modernization theory and Dependency theory result from the origin of Dependency theory which, as it has been already mentioned above, was developed in response to Modernization theory.
On analyzing existing differences between the two theories, first of all, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views the development of the world and relationships between developed and developing countries as the relationships of potentially equal countries which are just at a different stage of development at the moment. To put it more precisely, Modernization theory stands on the ground that western countries are well-developed and western way of development is viewed as the most successful and perspective while there is practically no other alternatives to this way of the development. This is why the supporters of this theory insist on the necessity to develop the cooperation between developed and developing countries in order to make the latter closer to the former. What is meant here is the fact that Modernization theory underlines the necessity of borrowing the experience of western countries by developing countries of the Third world (Scott 196). Basically, developing countries should follow blindly the example of more developed western countries and this will bring them economic, social, and cultural prosperity.#p#分頁標題#e#
Naturally, to achieve this goal, developing countries should develop their cooperation in all spheres of life, including economy, politics, culture, education, and social relations, with western countries, while the latter, being more advanced compared to developing countries should help them achieve the highest level of development through education, technological assistance and consulting of countries of the Third world. In such a way, this theory views modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries on the basis of the example of western countries as the only possible solution of the problem of backwardness of poor countries since western way of development is, according to Modernization theory, is the only correct way to prosperity.
In stark contrast to Modernization theory, Dependency theory underlines that relationships between developing and developed countries are based not on the growing cooperation between them but rather on the dependence of developing countries on developed ones. To put it more precisely, supporters of Dependency theory stand on the ground that western countries are really more advanced than developing countries but the latter follow their example not just because they are willing to do so nor because they really believe that western way of development is really better but, in contrast, they are forced to choose the same way of development as western countries have already made in order to become a part of the world community and avoid the isolation of the country or, what is more, even the intervention of western countries in their policy. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that supporters of Dependency theory argue that western countries impose their politics and their rules to developing countries forcing them to accept western standards and norms, while any disobedience from the part of developing countries threatens by economic sanctions or even military intervention from the part of developed countries (Schelkle, 231).
In such a way, unlike Modernization theory, Dependency theory does not view the choice in favor of western way of development as the panacea from all problems or as a conscious choice that is really supported by the population and elite of developing countries but such westernization of developing countries is viewed as a violent interference of developed countries in the life of the Third world. Naturally, such a policy leads to the growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones and, therefore, makes the socio-economic breakthrough impossible. In contrast, Modernization theory believes in its possibility due to the modernization of socio-economic and political life of developing countries and their closer cooperation with developed countries, which is supposed to be a conscious and willing act of developing countries looking for ways to prosperity.

Conclusion
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Modernization theory and Dependency theory are similar in their views on the modern world. To put it more precisely, both theories admit the leadership of western countries and their currently dominant position in the modern world, while undeveloped countries are characterized by socio-economic and political backwardness. At the same time, the two theories agree that the cooperation between western countries and developing countries is constantly growing and leads to their integration.#p#分頁標題#e#
However, it is necessary to underline that Modernization theory views such cooperation and integration as a conscious and voluntary act from the part of developing countries, for which modernization in the western style is the only way to overcome the existing backwardness, while supporters of Dependency theory argue that such cooperation and integration is imposed to developing countries by more advanced western countries, which simply attempt to benefit from their cooperation with developing countries and their westernization becomes a way of the establishment of control over and growing dependence of developing countries on developed ones.
Regardless, the existing differences, both theories still raise a very important problem of relationships between developed and developing countries and the dominance of western countries and western civilization in the modern world.

Works cited:

美國dissertation范文Gilman, N. Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Leys, C. The rise & fall of development theory. Indiana University Press, 1996.
Preston, P.W. Development theory: an introduction. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1996.
Schelkle, W. (et al.) Paradigms of social change: Modernization, development, transformation, evolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.
Scott, Catherine V. Gender and development: Rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1995.