英國essay代寫：解析瑞士表業發展歷程
08-22, 2014
購買一只瑞士表平均需要花費六百八十五美金。而購買一只國產的手表只需要花費二美金而且同樣可以告訴我們時間。在地球上一位遠到而來的火星人也許會問，如何可以保住瑞士鐘表行業？最終的回答當然是肯定的。在過去的兩年時間內，瑞士的鐘表行業出口價值上升了百分之三十二，已達214億瑞士法郎（約合233億美元）。而需求量最大的兩個國家中國及新加坡最近有下降的趨勢，但是松懈掉的市場被熱愛鐘表的阿拉伯人以及歐洲人彌補了上去。
沒有人購買瑞士表只是單純的看時間而己。它的誘惑力是反應的無形之中：工藝精良，外觀漂亮。這個具有藝術性的鐘表行業在別的國家已經面臨死亡，而在瑞士卻一直經久不衰。瑞士制造已經開始成為世界上最具價值的品牌之一。
在很多人的印象之中，瑞士表的制造工匠是出自高山上的小村莊，但是事實上，瑞士表是由一個大型的集團公司做為領軍來打造市場，包括旗下品牌寶機，寶珀以及歐米茄等。
THE average Swiss watch costs $685. A Chinese one costs around $2 and tells the time just as well (see chart). So how on earth, a Martian might ask, can the Swiss watch industry survive? Yet it does. Exports of watches made in Switzerland have grown by 32% by value over the past two years, to SFr21.4 billion ($23.3 billion). Demand in the biggest markets (China, America and Singapore) dipped recently, but some of the slack was picked up by watch-loving Arabs and Europeans.
No one buys a Swiss watch to find out what time it is. The allure is intangible: precise engineering, beautifully displayed. The art of fine watchmaking has all but died out elsewhere, but it thrives in Switzerland. “Swiss-made” has become one of the world’s most valuable brands.
In the popular imagination, Swiss watches are made by craftsmen at tiny firms nestled in Alpine villages. In fact, the industry is dominated by one big firm. The Swatch Group’s stable of brands (Breguet, Blancpain, Omega and a dozen others) generated watch and jewellery sales of SFr7.3 billion in 2012. That is up by 15.6% over the previous year and accounts for one-third of all sales of Swiss watches. In January Swatch announced the purchase of Harry Winston, an American jeweller which also makes watches in Geneva.
Swatch’s dominance goes even deeper than this. It is the biggest supplier of the bits that make Swiss watches tick. It owns ETA, which makes over 70% of the movements (core mechanisms) put in watches by other Swiss watchmakers. Another subsidiary, Nivarox-FAR, supplies more than 90% of the balance springs (which regulate watches).
Many big brands rely on Swatch. LVMH (owner of Bulgari, Hublot and TAG Heuer) and Richemont (owner of IWC, Piaget and Vacheron Constantin) use Swatch components. So do the British and German watchmakers that are trying to break into this lucrative market. Few, however, can match the precision of a Nivarox balance spring.
Swatch became the watchmaker to watch in the 1980s, when it merged two weak companies and launched Swatch watches as a relatively cheap brand (though not nearly as cheap as a typical Chinese timepiece). It remains dominant, in part, because other firms find it easier to let someone else go to all the trouble and expense of producing their watches’ most fiddly and essential components.
But Swatch now finds this arrangement irksome. It supplies parts to rivals (Swiss and foreign) which then spend lavishly on advertising. Swatch would like to curb its sales of components, to 30% of the Swiss total by 2018. The Swiss Competition Commission agreed to modest reductions in 2012. After lobbying by watchmakers, Swatch will make no more cuts this year, but next year it will probably try again.
Swatch may be doing the industry a favour. Its actions may prod other watchmakers to invest more in their own factories. Already, Richemont and LVMH are buying up smaller component-makers. “Everyone could actually produce these components,” says a spokesman for the Competition Commission.
At present only a few high-end watchmakers can do without Swatch: for example, Patek Philippe in Switzerland and Robert Loomes in Britain. But such Swatch-shunners typically make only a few (costly) watches each year. Firms that make larger batches of not-quite-so-pricey watches still need Swatch. So its retreat from the parts market will cause turmoil, and probably more consolidation.
Meanwhile the Swiss government seems about to tighten the definition of “Swiss-made”. Currently, a watch may not claim to be Swiss unless 50% of its components, by value, were crafted in the cantons. Swiss watchmakers are trying to get the threshold raised to 60%. That will create demand for Swiss components even as Swatch curbs the supply. So watch out: prices will rise even higher.
Manufacturing is the traditional industry of Switzerland.The Swiss watch industry in Geneva, in the middle of the first appeared in the 16th century to the late 16th century, Geneva watchmaking is known for its quality, Geneva tabulation association founded in 1601, is one of the world's first watch industry association.At that time, the Geneva watch company has more than 500, forcing some tabulation artists to the more populated towns, Geneva Jura mountains in the north, gradually become tabulation artists an ideal place for living and production.16th and 17th centuries for tabulation technology of continuous improvement, time increasing the accuracy of the clock.In the 18th and 19th centuries, tabulation technology started by leaps and bounds, in 1842, Adrien Philippe invented the vertical type wind-up clocks and watches, he is also a famous Patek Philippe watch is one of the founders of the company.At the same stage, watchmaking began producing complicated clock and the introduction of special components such as permanent calendar and a stopwatch.In 1800, the world clock output reached 1800, the Swiss watch production accounted for two-thirds of transcendence leads the world in Britain.
In the 19th century, Switzerland and the United States to mechanized mass production factory has a watch.American Waltham watch companies become to adopt advanced technology and precision machinery manufacturing watches and clocks, but Switzerland with its more sophisticated, more advanced machinery and technology, experienced designers and workers, and provide diversified functions and design styles and products, beat the United States the largest competitor.In the 20th century, Switzerland introduced two great BiaoJiang Pierre Frederic Ingold and Georges Auguste Leschot invention of new technology, rapid and accurate production gear plate and bottom plate and the internal parts of the alternative, paving the way for the watch production scale and standard.
To the beginning of the 20th century, the Swiss is already the world's watch industry leader.The watch began to gradually replace the position of pocket watch, Swiss, further improvement of watches is the pocket watch with the timing, calendar, the tourbillon and automatic clockwork to miniaturization, and installed on the watch.
Represented by Japanese quartz watches in the mid - 1970 - s, around the clock and watch industry are increasingly turning to the electronic timing technology, the Swiss watch industry under the huge pressure of competition from Japan.In 1978, the Swiss microelectronics group (SMH group) table of core department to produce a table only 2 mm thick sample prototype, is the world's thinnest quartz watch.Finally produced Swatch (Swatch) table, but minus the 51 parts, table core is hidden in a plastic shell, waterproof and shockproof, durable and low cost.Swatch table, which was popular in the world, become the world's best-selling watches, until today.In the 1980 s, collect antique watch upsurge in a full-blown all over the world, people began to appreciate the making craft of mechanical watches, the research on different BiaoJiang unique invention, design and personal style, the development history of clocks and watches, etc.Watches and clocks, factory has the special function of the old style watch prices soared.To the late 80 s, the Swiss watch company began to produce a series of high mechanical watches, mechanical watches, some complex again, getting the mechanical watch sales rebound, regain former elite status.Swiss watch through constant technical innovation, complement each other, has introduced a series of technical product.In 1979, Ebauches company/ETA company is producing the world's most thin table, only 0.98 mm;In 1982, longines company produces high precision analog quartz watch;In 1988, the Swiss Le Phare Jean d 'Eve company produced the first block does not require batteries automatic quartz watch, powered by the movement of the wrist.In 1988, ETA company is producing the world's most complex quartz astronomical timing movement;In 1991, Ronda about company developed the iodine can use 20 years of lithium battery quartz movement.The IWC 1992, the company producing the world one of the most complicated mechanical watches, a total of 750 parts, 21 kinds of functions.
S and eighty s, quartz watch popular all over the world, in Asia has hit the Swiss watch industry, the Swiss watch industry at the beginning of the difficulties in restructuring: workers, from 1970 in 90000 to 1984 in 30000, to steady at around 40000.Enterprise number changed from 1970 in 1600 to 600 now.Every enterprise employees and remains at about 70 people, the average number of mostly small and medium-sized enterprises, employee number less than 100 people, only less than 10 companies employ more than 500 employees.
In nearly a decade, through the company's planned merger and acquisition, the four groups in the watch industry leading position in the production of basic formation, respectively is the swatch group, rolex group of Switzerland, RICHEMONT group and France's Louis vuitton group.
Swatch Group is the world's biggest watch Group, headquartered in Bern state bienne, developed a Swatch table in 1980, 1983 by the Swiss watch industry company (ASUAG) and the Swiss watch company (SSIH) merger, renamed in 1998 for the Swatch Group (Swatch Group).Swatch group a total of 20000 employees, has 18 brand in 50 countries, including: treasure ji (Breguet), omega, tissot, longines, radar, Calvin Klein, Calvin Klein, snow iron (Certina), the degree of (Mido), skin batman (Pierre Balmain), bao Po (it) and swatch.At the same time have their own assembly system production enterprise Lasag company ETA, clock and watch machine core manufacturing enterprise, button battery plant Renata company, and other supporting production enterprises.
Swatch group in 2006 all-time best economic benefits, turnover over the 5 billion mark for the first time, a total of 5.05 billion Swiss francs, an increase of 12.3% over the previous year, the profit of 830 million Swiss francs, an increase of 33.7% over the previous year.The clocks and watches and jewellery profit of 738 million Swiss francs, an increase of 17.9% over the previous year, movement and parts production profit of 147 million Swiss francs, an increase of 212.8% over the previous year, electronic watch profit of 106 million Swiss francs, an increase of 32.8% over the previous year.
With CD perfume and Louis vuitton leather French LVMH group is the world's leading luxury group today.The end of the 20th century to buy luxury (TAG Heuer), Mr. Nita, Zenith after two Swiss watch brand, LVMH immediately become the world's fourth largest watch production enterprise.To attain "knowing there", LVMH even to one of the core leaders of swatch group - Sophie and dig to the President before the omega watch factory, to help the group strategy, make the luxury and Mr. TeEr brand replay extraordinary splendour.LVMH watches with annual sales of 1.2 billion Swiss francs.
Decade, RICHEMONT and LVMH both world famous luxury goods group successively into the Swiss watch industry, and achieved rapid and watch industry "old masters" compete power, which fully shows a trend for the development of the Swiss watch industry, namely, high-grade watch industry is increasingly and the luxury goods industry permeable.In the two industries in the process of mutual penetration, high-end watch and luxury watch brand, of course, is the main for the object.
In the history of the Swiss watch industry in structure follow the pattern of the horizontal division of professional, suppliers and subcontractors to provide spare parts to watchmaker, watches and clocks, assembly and sales of finished products.Watchmaker according to its internal production structure.Compared with the competition, the Swiss watch industry can provide customers with full range of products really bent from manual to automatic mechanical watches, from analog to digital display quartz watch, material from precious metals set auger, stainless steel, wood, plastic to high-tech ceramics, from modern to classic style, from sports to fashion, variety from the alarm clock, clock, small pendulum clock to watch, the Swiss watch can meet the needs of various consumers all-round.
沒有人購買瑞士表只是單純的看時間而己。它的誘惑力是反應的無形之中：工藝精良，外觀漂亮。這個具有藝術性的鐘表行業在別的國家已經面臨死亡，而在瑞士卻一直經久不衰。瑞士制造已經開始成為世界上最具價值的品牌之一。
在很多人的印象之中，瑞士表的制造工匠是出自高山上的小村莊，但是事實上，瑞士表是由一個大型的集團公司做為領軍來打造市場，包括旗下品牌寶機，寶珀以及歐米茄等。
THE average Swiss watch costs $685. A Chinese one costs around $2 and tells the time just as well (see chart). So how on earth, a Martian might ask, can the Swiss watch industry survive? Yet it does. Exports of watches made in Switzerland have grown by 32% by value over the past two years, to SFr21.4 billion ($23.3 billion). Demand in the biggest markets (China, America and Singapore) dipped recently, but some of the slack was picked up by watch-loving Arabs and Europeans.
No one buys a Swiss watch to find out what time it is. The allure is intangible: precise engineering, beautifully displayed. The art of fine watchmaking has all but died out elsewhere, but it thrives in Switzerland. “Swiss-made” has become one of the world’s most valuable brands.
In the popular imagination, Swiss watches are made by craftsmen at tiny firms nestled in Alpine villages. In fact, the industry is dominated by one big firm. The Swatch Group’s stable of brands (Breguet, Blancpain, Omega and a dozen others) generated watch and jewellery sales of SFr7.3 billion in 2012. That is up by 15.6% over the previous year and accounts for one-third of all sales of Swiss watches. In January Swatch announced the purchase of Harry Winston, an American jeweller which also makes watches in Geneva.
Swatch’s dominance goes even deeper than this. It is the biggest supplier of the bits that make Swiss watches tick. It owns ETA, which makes over 70% of the movements (core mechanisms) put in watches by other Swiss watchmakers. Another subsidiary, Nivarox-FAR, supplies more than 90% of the balance springs (which regulate watches).
Many big brands rely on Swatch. LVMH (owner of Bulgari, Hublot and TAG Heuer) and Richemont (owner of IWC, Piaget and Vacheron Constantin) use Swatch components. So do the British and German watchmakers that are trying to break into this lucrative market. Few, however, can match the precision of a Nivarox balance spring.
Swatch became the watchmaker to watch in the 1980s, when it merged two weak companies and launched Swatch watches as a relatively cheap brand (though not nearly as cheap as a typical Chinese timepiece). It remains dominant, in part, because other firms find it easier to let someone else go to all the trouble and expense of producing their watches’ most fiddly and essential components.
But Swatch now finds this arrangement irksome. It supplies parts to rivals (Swiss and foreign) which then spend lavishly on advertising. Swatch would like to curb its sales of components, to 30% of the Swiss total by 2018. The Swiss Competition Commission agreed to modest reductions in 2012. After lobbying by watchmakers, Swatch will make no more cuts this year, but next year it will probably try again.
Swatch may be doing the industry a favour. Its actions may prod other watchmakers to invest more in their own factories. Already, Richemont and LVMH are buying up smaller component-makers. “Everyone could actually produce these components,” says a spokesman for the Competition Commission.
At present only a few high-end watchmakers can do without Swatch: for example, Patek Philippe in Switzerland and Robert Loomes in Britain. But such Swatch-shunners typically make only a few (costly) watches each year. Firms that make larger batches of not-quite-so-pricey watches still need Swatch. So its retreat from the parts market will cause turmoil, and probably more consolidation.
Meanwhile the Swiss government seems about to tighten the definition of “Swiss-made”. Currently, a watch may not claim to be Swiss unless 50% of its components, by value, were crafted in the cantons. Swiss watchmakers are trying to get the threshold raised to 60%. That will create demand for Swiss components even as Swatch curbs the supply. So watch out: prices will rise even higher.
Manufacturing is the traditional industry of Switzerland.The Swiss watch industry in Geneva, in the middle of the first appeared in the 16th century to the late 16th century, Geneva watchmaking is known for its quality, Geneva tabulation association founded in 1601, is one of the world's first watch industry association.At that time, the Geneva watch company has more than 500, forcing some tabulation artists to the more populated towns, Geneva Jura mountains in the north, gradually become tabulation artists an ideal place for living and production.16th and 17th centuries for tabulation technology of continuous improvement, time increasing the accuracy of the clock.In the 18th and 19th centuries, tabulation technology started by leaps and bounds, in 1842, Adrien Philippe invented the vertical type wind-up clocks and watches, he is also a famous Patek Philippe watch is one of the founders of the company.At the same stage, watchmaking began producing complicated clock and the introduction of special components such as permanent calendar and a stopwatch.In 1800, the world clock output reached 1800, the Swiss watch production accounted for two-thirds of transcendence leads the world in Britain.
In the 19th century, Switzerland and the United States to mechanized mass production factory has a watch.American Waltham watch companies become to adopt advanced technology and precision machinery manufacturing watches and clocks, but Switzerland with its more sophisticated, more advanced machinery and technology, experienced designers and workers, and provide diversified functions and design styles and products, beat the United States the largest competitor.In the 20th century, Switzerland introduced two great BiaoJiang Pierre Frederic Ingold and Georges Auguste Leschot invention of new technology, rapid and accurate production gear plate and bottom plate and the internal parts of the alternative, paving the way for the watch production scale and standard.
To the beginning of the 20th century, the Swiss is already the world's watch industry leader.The watch began to gradually replace the position of pocket watch, Swiss, further improvement of watches is the pocket watch with the timing, calendar, the tourbillon and automatic clockwork to miniaturization, and installed on the watch.
Represented by Japanese quartz watches in the mid - 1970 - s, around the clock and watch industry are increasingly turning to the electronic timing technology, the Swiss watch industry under the huge pressure of competition from Japan.In 1978, the Swiss microelectronics group (SMH group) table of core department to produce a table only 2 mm thick sample prototype, is the world's thinnest quartz watch.Finally produced Swatch (Swatch) table, but minus the 51 parts, table core is hidden in a plastic shell, waterproof and shockproof, durable and low cost.Swatch table, which was popular in the world, become the world's best-selling watches, until today.In the 1980 s, collect antique watch upsurge in a full-blown all over the world, people began to appreciate the making craft of mechanical watches, the research on different BiaoJiang unique invention, design and personal style, the development history of clocks and watches, etc.Watches and clocks, factory has the special function of the old style watch prices soared.To the late 80 s, the Swiss watch company began to produce a series of high mechanical watches, mechanical watches, some complex again, getting the mechanical watch sales rebound, regain former elite status.Swiss watch through constant technical innovation, complement each other, has introduced a series of technical product.In 1979, Ebauches company/ETA company is producing the world's most thin table, only 0.98 mm;In 1982, longines company produces high precision analog quartz watch;In 1988, the Swiss Le Phare Jean d 'Eve company produced the first block does not require batteries automatic quartz watch, powered by the movement of the wrist.In 1988, ETA company is producing the world's most complex quartz astronomical timing movement;In 1991, Ronda about company developed the iodine can use 20 years of lithium battery quartz movement.The IWC 1992, the company producing the world one of the most complicated mechanical watches, a total of 750 parts, 21 kinds of functions.
S and eighty s, quartz watch popular all over the world, in Asia has hit the Swiss watch industry, the Swiss watch industry at the beginning of the difficulties in restructuring: workers, from 1970 in 90000 to 1984 in 30000, to steady at around 40000.Enterprise number changed from 1970 in 1600 to 600 now.Every enterprise employees and remains at about 70 people, the average number of mostly small and medium-sized enterprises, employee number less than 100 people, only less than 10 companies employ more than 500 employees.
In nearly a decade, through the company's planned merger and acquisition, the four groups in the watch industry leading position in the production of basic formation, respectively is the swatch group, rolex group of Switzerland, RICHEMONT group and France's Louis vuitton group.
Swatch Group is the world's biggest watch Group, headquartered in Bern state bienne, developed a Swatch table in 1980, 1983 by the Swiss watch industry company (ASUAG) and the Swiss watch company (SSIH) merger, renamed in 1998 for the Swatch Group (Swatch Group).Swatch group a total of 20000 employees, has 18 brand in 50 countries, including: treasure ji (Breguet), omega, tissot, longines, radar, Calvin Klein, Calvin Klein, snow iron (Certina), the degree of (Mido), skin batman (Pierre Balmain), bao Po (it) and swatch.At the same time have their own assembly system production enterprise Lasag company ETA, clock and watch machine core manufacturing enterprise, button battery plant Renata company, and other supporting production enterprises.
Swatch group in 2006 all-time best economic benefits, turnover over the 5 billion mark for the first time, a total of 5.05 billion Swiss francs, an increase of 12.3% over the previous year, the profit of 830 million Swiss francs, an increase of 33.7% over the previous year.The clocks and watches and jewellery profit of 738 million Swiss francs, an increase of 17.9% over the previous year, movement and parts production profit of 147 million Swiss francs, an increase of 212.8% over the previous year, electronic watch profit of 106 million Swiss francs, an increase of 32.8% over the previous year.
With CD perfume and Louis vuitton leather French LVMH group is the world's leading luxury group today.The end of the 20th century to buy luxury (TAG Heuer), Mr. Nita, Zenith after two Swiss watch brand, LVMH immediately become the world's fourth largest watch production enterprise.To attain "knowing there", LVMH even to one of the core leaders of swatch group - Sophie and dig to the President before the omega watch factory, to help the group strategy, make the luxury and Mr. TeEr brand replay extraordinary splendour.LVMH watches with annual sales of 1.2 billion Swiss francs.
Decade, RICHEMONT and LVMH both world famous luxury goods group successively into the Swiss watch industry, and achieved rapid and watch industry "old masters" compete power, which fully shows a trend for the development of the Swiss watch industry, namely, high-grade watch industry is increasingly and the luxury goods industry permeable.In the two industries in the process of mutual penetration, high-end watch and luxury watch brand, of course, is the main for the object.
In the history of the Swiss watch industry in structure follow the pattern of the horizontal division of professional, suppliers and subcontractors to provide spare parts to watchmaker, watches and clocks, assembly and sales of finished products.Watchmaker according to its internal production structure.Compared with the competition, the Swiss watch industry can provide customers with full range of products really bent from manual to automatic mechanical watches, from analog to digital display quartz watch, material from precious metals set auger, stainless steel, wood, plastic to high-tech ceramics, from modern to classic style, from sports to fashion, variety from the alarm clock, clock, small pendulum clock to watch, the Swiss watch can meet the needs of various consumers all-round.
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