當前的經濟形勢迫使組織探索策略以保持競爭力。根據傳統制造業的購買需求和購買流程，企業的最終目的是為了降低成本提高企業利潤。推動經濟發展，利用更少的人力資源創造更多的價值財富。隨著現代經濟社會的不斷發展和現代社會對人力資源管理的要求，規范化人力資源管理已經被逐步提上日程，本文就圍繞這一問題進行深入分析。
 

One of the major challenges facing Human Resource Management is the introduction and management of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). In dyads or tryads produce a group briefing paper for either; Directors of a company or a specific trade union, of your choice, regarding the changes taking place in the UK labourmarket and economy regarding the impact of outsourcing and/or offshoring.
 

INTRODUCTION
 

The current economic climate is forcing organizations to explore tactics to remain competitive. According to the traditional ‘make or buy' decision framework, the fundamental value proposition behind BPO is cost reduction. The recent economic downturn forced HR departments to do more with less. Many HR organisations were asked to increase the scope of their capabilities without increasing overall headcount. As a result, some organisations viewed outsourcing as a way of combating current economic situation and achieving competitive advantage.
 

In spite of the recent economic slowdown, Gartner Group stated that, the worldwide business process outsourcing (BPO) market, is continuing to grow by approximately 9.5. Organisations are increasingly seeking standardization as part of a re-emphasis on strategic business initiatives. They realise that they need to standardize HR processes and policies as a first step in their HR transformation. Business process outsourcing of certain functions is becoming an increasingly popular way to improve basic services while allowing HR professionals time to focus on issues vital to the business's strategic initiatives, instead of being burdened with HR administration.
 

Chaffey (2003) defines BPO as “the contracting out of specified services to a third party with a controlled, flexible relationship”. Lee (2002) refers to BPO as the ‘outsourcing of different managerial and operational functions. Specifically in HR, BPO is designed to ensure that a company's HR system is supported by the latest management information systems, with self-access and HR data warehousing options'. The Business Issues (1995) further views BPO as ‘the delegation of one or more business processes to an external provider, who then owns, manages and administers the selected processes based on defined and measurable performance metric'.
 

The CIPD defines off-shore as ‘the process of outsourcing business activities or services overseas, as a direct or indirect employer'. Off-shore does not always involve the services of an external provider . According to the Oxford Dictionary it means: ‘made, registered or situated abroad'.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

The concept of outsourcing centres on David Ricardo's theory of Comparative Advantage (cited in Mullins 2001) which states that even if a country could produce everything more efficiently than another country, it would still reap gains from specialising in what it was best at producing and trading with other nations.
 

AIM OF BRIEFING
 

The aim of this briefing is to brief the Directors of Name of our company the effect of outsourcing the HRM function and will encompass its influence on organisational performance and culture; and concurrently its impact on the UK Labour market and economy. The team will carry out a case-study on BT and will critically evaluate, analyse and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of HR outsourcing with the intention of reviewing the outcomes and where necessary suggest solutions where likely problems can be encountered. An analytical review will be carried out of the major HRM problems which can arise from organizational change and where required recommendations made. The team will use British Telecommunications as a case study to establish the impact of BPO. This briefing aims to provide a reasoned critique of existing literature based on surveys, textbooks, journals and official trade data.
 

BACKGROUND
 

British Telecommunications (BT) is a wholly owned subsidiary of BT Group Plc, a public limited company registered in England and Wales and listed on the London and New York Stock Exchanges . BT is one of the world's leading providers of communications solutions and services operating in 170 countries. It principal activities include networked IT services, local, national and international telecommunications services, and higher-value broadband and internet products and services.Its main activities are web hosting, IT solutions, Internet services, telecommunications and broadband networks. In the fiscal year ended 31 March 2007 BT had a net turnover of £9,499 billion. In the UK alone it has pool of 87,000 employees and 180,000 pensioners, whilst on a global scale it has 10,000 employees spread over the countries it operates within.
 

For years, British Telecom ruled the UK market as a monopoly. It was the British Telecommunications Act of 1981 that brought this to an end and put in its place a duopoly, where BT competed with Mercury. The company was formed in 1981 as a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless, mainly to challenge the monopoly of British Telecom.
 

The privatisation of British Telecom in 1984 opened the industry to full competition and in 1991, this effectively brought the duopoly share by BT and Mercury to an end. With the liberalisation and opening up of the phone market to global competition came renewed pressure on BT from the telecoms watchdog Oftel to open up more of its network to competitors and cut its prices.
 

The pressures on BT became greater than ever. The stiff competition in the telecoms market, the huge cost of paying for third-generation (3G) mobile phone licences, pressure from the industry regulator Oftel to lower its prices and informed, discerning customers meant BT had to deliver even higher levels of quality and service, at competitive prices in order to stay afloat. All these pressures necessitated mindset change and BT was forced to review its business processes. In order to meet up with the arrival of new competitors and the quickening pace of technological change in the industry, speed of action and reaction became critical success factors.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

With the competition that flooded the UK market in the 1990s, BT started considering cost reduction that will maximise efficiency without compromising quality. One of the major steps taken was to outsource the transactional side of its human resources operation to Accenture HR Services, which in turn off-shored to its India branch. BT believed that the competitive edge for any global communications provider is human capital and to survive and thrive, it requires world-class human resource (HR) competencies and the processes for managing them. Youndt et al. (1996) highlights that a HR system focused on human capabilities is directly related to multiple dimensions of operational performance. Huselid and Becker (1997) describe that a firm's effectiveness is associated
 

with HR capabilities and its attributes.
 

ADVANTAGES OF OUTSOURCING / OFFSHORING
 

Outsourcing enables an organisation to improve its focus on its core values allowing it to remain competitive on the market (Morello, 2003) . Prahalad and Hamel 1990 state that firms must concentrate on core competencies to gain competitive advantage. Through outsourcing specialist skills can be drawn out from a pool of expertise when and where needed whilst opportunities for enriched career development exist for the remaining staff. Organisations are able to turn over certain classes of risks to their suppliers, such as demand variability and capital investments. Unlike the buyer, the outsourcing buyer can spread these risks over multiple clients.
 

Profitability can be achieved as outsourcing increases a business's cashflow by creating cost reductions through cheap labour and reduced operational expenses i.e. office space, utility. Funds which would have been used for large capital investments can be released for other uses. Contracting out operational functions reduces the competition on capital as the outsourcing company provides the capital investment as part of its overheads. Companies can create an integrated market as it is a cost effective way of globalisation particularly when it selects the best available resources and labour. Figure [rumbi insert appendix] reflects the changes to operational costs which BT experienced when it outsourced. According to Som Mittal, former Managing Director of Compaq India has claimed that payroll processing to countries like India companies can achieve a 20-25% gain in productivity.
 

Outsourcing can increase the service level given to clients. With offshoring an organisation has the ability to have a 24-hour a day workforce resulting in a more timely service which would not be possible if the organisation operated in once country. BT gained flexibility through outsourcing to Accenture as agility or quick response to business demands was made.
 

Competitive advantage can be attained through cheaper prices. When the product prices cannot come down further operating in a highly skilled, low-wage labour area will be advantageous. (Frubel, Heinrichs and Kreye 1980) . As the product price falls consumers are willing to demand a larger amount of goods. The off-shored countries receive economical benefits. Nasscom Chairman Som Mittal remarked ‘It's a win win situation for countries which allow outsourcing and the countries which receive outsourcing' (Ahmed 2004) .#p#分頁標題#e#
 

DISADVANTAGES OF OUTSOURCING/OFFSHORING:
 

When outsourcing to a third party resentment can occur between permanent and contracted staff. Contract/temporary staff may fail to have a sense of belonging whilst permanent staff can remain aloof in order to protect their works hindering teamwork. Offshoring particularly on the outsourcing of work to India as the UK labour force believes that they are losing out on career opportunities. However the McKinsey Global Institute Report states that there are actually too many jobs and not enough people in the UK to fulfil them. Therefore fears of a widespread unemployment are unlikely and thus this resentment could be seen as unnecessary (Lander 2006) .
 

The lack of direct communication between the organisation and the client can hinder the development of solid relationships and can result in the main organisation lacking control of the outsourced project. One of the key aspects of motivation is social interaction and self actualisation (Maslow cited in Mullins, 2001).
 

Another perceived drawback of off-shoring is the decrease in levels of communication. When English is not the native language of the source area, poor command of the English Language leads to prominent resentment of offshored services (Ahmed,2004). Results of a survey carried out by the Nationwide building in 2005 reflected that 91% of UK adults would prefer their calls to be handled by UK-based call centres (Lander (2006). A major drawback is the expense of regaining a customer once lost, because it could cost up to 6 times more in marketing costs to gain a replacement.
 

Cultural differences can be a disadvantage of offshoring i.e. Ryan Kinzy of K3 Group a large outsourcing company states that there are 3 months which are viewed as the most auspicious time for weddings in India, for example half the staff are out of the office. Ryan highlights that building up teamwork is a difficult challenge as employees may lack intuition due to their culture, Indian workers require a lot of direction. Their relationships are hierarchal, family and caste dependent and they have an educational system that emphasises routine learning over independent research.
 

Outsourcing can prove expensive as payment of redundancy packages for the laid off staff can be a major drawback.
 

As the number of companies offshoring to India rises, employee retention becomes a challenge due to the fact that as market competition increases, salaries are required to be competitive. Organisations will have to decide whether the cost-savings outweigh the revenue generated.
 

Risks can be encountered due to the socio-economic conditions which can hinder the progression of operations i.e. maintaining trade risks. The chance of off-shore fraud also exist as the use of funds can be diverted. There is also the risk or data loss. BT faces the risk of fraud emanating from HR outsourcing as off-shore workers have full access to personnel details ranging from bank account numbers, home addresses and other personal details. Non-automated transactions and processing responsibilities enable off-shore workers to have access to highly confidential information. There is an increase in foreign organised crime groups who have targeted foreign off-shore enterprises to gain access data which they process. Organisiations can face compliance risks and their reputation being damaged due to negative publicity resulting from the third party being inconsistent in meeting ethical standards and internal policies. The organisation needs to carryout thorough audits to ensure control. Expertise levels need to be measured to ensure that required service levels of service are met. {Figure xxRumbi to appendix 2} reflects results of problems faced by several companies which have off-shored. The main problem met appears to be low control of performance and data. Offshoring has the limited disadvantage in that the core function of an organisation cannot be accomplished if passed onto an external source . A business which outsources a department still requires in-house technical experts to monitor activities (Greco 1997)#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Political infrastructure such as changes in government can affect can impact the outsourcing company. Shortly after the election of Sonia Ghandi stock markets plummeted on fears that her leftist allies would roll back fundamental economic reforms. Erratic power grids inexperienced officials and unmotivated employees can also prove to be a disadvantage.
 

ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE
 

BT's management believes organisational culture is innovative with teams that are strategically aligned to BTs operations. Advances in technologies have been applied to benefit BT and its customers to improve processes.
 

Culture can be an object which is manipulated to achieve productivity and organisational improvements, and change over time (Tran, 2008) . In this context, culture is the character of an organisation. However if culture is accepted as being “….the basic, taken- for- granted assumptions and deep patterns of meaning shared by organisational participation and manifestations of these assumptions…” ( Johnson, 2007) then in this respect culture can be difficult to change.
 

In order to explain the content of cultural context in BT after HR outsourcing, the cultural web will be used. The table below shows the content of the organisational culture with HR outsourcing.
 

Rumbi to appendix 1]
 

According to the above table the organisational culture hinders collective learning in the organisation. Individuals see each other as rivals, rather than a partners. This paradigm creates various obstacles for learning within the organisation, that usually arise due to rivalry, power conflicts and absence of network communication channels (Mullins, 2001). The disadvantage of this power structure is explained by Mullins (2001) who claims that such approach decrease the effectiveness and efficiency of operations management, as participants are detached from the decision-making.
 

BTs new organisational structure is bureaucratic, with the emphasis on standard procedures and operational routines. It might slow down the communication process, with the absence of feedback channels and unnecessary layers that might increase obstructions and cause various distortions in the communication process( Graham & Bennet, 1998) .
 

BT has placed its employees after revenues. The management has failed to take into account individual needs of each employee hence developing a coercive rather than participative approach. Within this approach people are being treated as liabilities rather than the core elements of the operations management process, where people become the primary determinant of the outcome quality (Armstrong, 2003) .
 

The organisational culture implies for traditional type of performance appraisal system, which utilises various types of monetary techniques. Wright (2007) argued that the utilisation of monetary tools does not provide the development of a higher level of effective commitment or higher degree of intrinsic motivation and provides a blurred understanding of the relationship between their performance and corresponding appraisal.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

The communication component forms an important of the above mentioned changes. According to McGregor (1960, cited in Mullins, 2001) in order to get people to direct their efforts towards organisational objectives, management must tell them what to do, judge how well they are doing and reward or punish accordingly. There is also an informative and a motivational purpose. He claims that a clear and thorough description of individual duties and rights within the framework of the organisation may prevent the rise of unmet expectations.
 

As it shows on the table, the communication in the company is of a top-down nature, without proper feedback. This type of communication scheme is good for conveyer-type organisations and not ideal for innovative market-led companies.
 

CHANGE MANAGEMENT
 

The new requirements for adaptation made it necessary for the company to undertake the reengineering of the whole business process, including both “hard “and “soft” elements. According to Senior (1997) “hard system” change implies “ an attempt to use the benefits of a scientific method whilst recognising that in the real world of business where thing are happening fast, there may not be time to be as scientific as one would like”. In BT's case, “hard system” change referred to the introduction of new operations management systems, equipment and business facilities, designed to speed up existing operations and reduce the cost per a single transaction. It was designed to maximise the efficiency of every single operation within the business process.
 

Senior (1997) indicates that “Soft System” changes imply for the change of the organisational culture. The main idea of this approach is listening to the organisation, good communication, developing a shared, vision, gaining real commitment to the change and the vision, education and training, and understanding the tools and techniques for the process.
 

William et al.(1993) indicates that to facilitate effective adaptation of the employees to new working conditions, managers shall reduce restraining forces and reinforces driving forces. However, it shall be considered, that not all measures are equally effective. As Hetzberg's maintainance theory ( cited in Mullins, 2001) shows , the presence of certain factors may act as a powerful motivating factors, while the absence of other elements may produce slight dissatisfaction. At the same time strategic priorities shall reflect the current organisational aims.
 

Under such conditions in order to improve the situation and meet objectives (create a better customer focus) the high involvement of senior managers, who acts as a link between operational and business levels of the organisation, is required. Senior managers shall act as major change agents. Taking the role of change agents, it is important for senior managers not to ignore employees' natural resistance to new systems, but to create appropriate incentives to fasten the transactional process from resistance to commitment (Graham and Bennet, 1998). The ignorance of or resistance to changes will introduce different open conflicts, which will significantly worsen the organisation environment affecting its performance level and flexibility. This could result to failure to raise performance and attract or retain customers, which may lead to significant costs and even reduce the company's chances to survive and succeed in changing market conditions.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

According to Mintzberg Quinn and Ghoshall (1995) the overall rationale for any outsourcing activity is that outsourcing provides, greater economies of scale, flexibility, increase in levels of expertise, cost effectiveness, reduced costs and added value to any organisation. The rationale of BT outsourcing its HRM functions were to increase shareholder value, sustain progress and cope with the pace of change.
 

Outsourcing of parts of the HR function has become more common. Lonsdale and Cox (1998) argue that outsourcing decisions can be classified under the following three headings:
 

1 outsourcing for short-term cost and headcount reductions;
 

2 core-competence-based outsourcing, where peripheral activities are passed to third parties and core activities are retained in-house;
 

3 iterative and entrepreneurial outsourcing, where periodic reviews of critical market activities are undertaken, with subsequent decision to retain or outsource.
 

IMPACT ON UK LABOUR FORCE
 

Human capital is emphasized as the most valuable asset of the 21st century business. The primary effects of outsourcing/offshoring on HR and Labour Relations are related to managing transition in HRM such as personnel changes, managing layoff, downsizing issues, and the costs/dynamics of actually managing an off-shore contract.
 

The laying off of UK employees as a result of restructuring to effect the outsourcing contracts can have a negative impact on employees. Layoffs cause major morale problems among in-house ‘survivors' and may lead to dissatisfaction and reduced delivery speed. Some UK companies experienced productivity dips and potential legal action from laid off employees resulting in costs of severance, retention bonuses and retraining being encountered.
 

According to a survey by Deloitte and YouGov (2006) revealed that fear of job losses was prevalent in the UK with 82% of public perceiving offshoring as a threat . 1 in 3 people stated that UK companies should be forced to bring back jobs to the UK. Chief economist of the Work Foundation, Ian Brinkley commented ‘Fears have been stoked by claims that the Chinese and Indians are coming to get your lunch' to describe the insecurity that offshoring has caused.
 

With regards to knowledge transfer there is concern that some of the job experience is being exported. If low-level skill tasks are sent off-shore then so is the experience gained from performing those tasks. When the time comes to perform higher-level tasks where previous experience is mandatory, there is no alternative than to go off-shore because that is where the experience will available. In some instances company plans imply that higher-level tasks will remain performed on-shore, the lower-level tasks are performed miles away. The knowledge and experience of those ‘low-level' jobs will be gone forever, and may impact the proper development of the ‘higher-level jobs'.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Forrester a US research group released a study that by 2015 Europe will have lost a collective number of 1.2 million jobs to off-shore locations increasing its reliance. Alan Blinder a US economist and former advisor to Bill Clinton has supported this thesis by stating that offshoring will lead to a ‘third Industrial Revolution'. He views that off-shore is now a man-made comparative advantage and that workers will be forced to seek employment in personal services which remain non-tradable.
 

There is a long-term impact on the types of jobs that people are training for, as well as the ‘transfer of knowledge' relating to many job structures in the workplace such that there is a ‘domino effect'. Steve Loy feels that these ‘outgoing tide' of jobs could threaten fundamental technology research as well as jobs. The astute students will recognise the rapidly dwindling job opportunities in HRM and will choose other programs of study thus loss will be encountered in HR leading to a labour-force that has inadequate HRM knowledge to compete in a high knowledge based economy.
 

The evaluation of the impact of off-shore is mainly based on estimations of collective data. Jobs most at risk are non-client facing and low knowledge content jobs those which use a lot of Information technology, creating outputs that can be transmitted via IT. An analysis by the CPRP concluded that 20% of non-client facing jobs are likely to be moved abroad. The potential is apportioned as a function of international trade and investment, the industrial structure of the economy, human capital, employment indicator, product market regulations indicator. Not all jobs created off-shore by UK companies automatically translates to job losses in the UK labour market. Employees are increasingly demanding services hence time difference plays a role in off-shore, offering them extended services. The lower price makes it possible for instance to offer services which would not be available otherwise i.e. 24 hr call centres. The information collated by the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) shows that job loss due to offshoring is in fact very small. During the first quarter of 2007 ERM recorded 420 restructuring cases in Europe. They announced 137,762 job losses and 184,511 job gains. Only 5.5% of all jobs lost were due to offshoring activities. For the year 2005 the percentage of job losses due to offshoring was only 3.4% of the total job losses.
 

To measure the extent of job loss due to restructuring we can use redundancy notification, the effects of offshoring does however vary with the country. In France, national Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies estimates in its 2007 report on the French economy that offshoring has been responsible for the destruction of 15,000 jobs per year between 2000 and 2003. This is to contrast with a job creation in the private sector of 200,000 per year .
 

In the UK there is no significant decline as per the results of the LFS Redundancy Tables ‘Employment growth in the occupations considered susceptible to offshoring has been very strong. The redundancy levels for these occupations, although high relative to the whole economy, have been falling in the last four years. The overall employment rate for these occupations has also shown an increase showing the cost of moving low-skilled jobs abroad is either falling or positive job creation is highly prevalent in the IT enabled occupations'. This does not mean that jobs are not being off-shored, and it is entirely possible that in the absence of offshoring, employment in these areas might have been higher. The adverse impact is entirely triggered by much larger changes in domestic demand for such services, the UK in particular has been extremely successful in developing as a world leader in knowledge based international trade. Jobs created through the expansion of exports of services are likely to outweigh the contraction of jobs caused by import of services.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

According to a report by Amiti and Jin Wei (2005) job growth at divisional levels has not been negatively related to service outsourcing but has had a negative impact on the demand for unskilled labour.
 

In the UK outsourcing has had no reflected effect on the labourforce. The Deloitte and Recruitment Employment Confederation Report states that both permanent and temporary staff billings continue to rise. National press recruitment advertising in the UK went down by 11.3% in July 2005 in both public and private sectors reflecting a positive direction in the labour market and no relevant changes in the economy.
 

Outsourcing is increasing consultancy work in the United Kingdom hence is beneficial as it offers flexible working hours / days for UK employees. This is particularly favorable for women who are raising children as is allows them to earn a salary whilst at the same time having adequate time with their children. There is also the flexibility of home-working.
 

Structural changes can occur in the economies of both the outsourced/sourcing companies and due to the debate on who is benefiting/losing racism can be allowed to rear its head.
 

A report prepared for the Department of Trade Industry by Ovum (2006) concludes that even though the actual impacts of an increase in trade and the expansion of global sourcing have been quite modest to date, offshoring can change the skills structure of labour demand, increasing the vulnerability of low-skilled workers in particular.
 

ECONOMIC IMPACT
 

"Concern over off-shoring has become a surrogate for wider issues about economic insecurity," said Work Foundation chief economist Ian Brinkley. An interesting corollary benefit of outsourcing is the benefit to the economy. India's National Association of Software and Services Companies commissioned a report by Evaluserve that stated that for every $100 worth of work sent abroad by US companies, $130 to $145 will be reinvested in the US economy. Cost savings are said to create value in the UK economy.
 

Ahead of monetary capital, knowledge economy has become a focal point in the policy of outsourcing and off-shore. Strategies have been devised i.e. the Lisbon Strategy centres to promote, research, innovation in the development of human capital. In the future, human capital is the only way that Europe can remain prosperous. The main beneficiaries in the UK are the educated high skilled workers and the losers will be semi/low skilled workers. The UK government needs to investment more in education to continue pushing towards a leading knowledge based economy to avoid vulnerability. It needs to investment in human capital and focus on domestic policy choices for the losers of rapid structural changes within the UK.
 

As a result of off-shoring the UK government is losing funds which could possibly be raised by corporate and income tax. However, it has stated that it does not have plans in place as yet to prevent outsourcing. The Department of Trade Industry has stated ‘it is a commercial decision for companies to decide where to locate their business operations such as call centres.'#p#分頁標題#e#
 

The absence of official statistics on off-shore outsourcing leads to speculation and there is also misinterpretation of indirect measures/evidence. The experience of an individual company may or may not select a trend in a specific sector but does not allow conclusions to be made on the economy as a whole. It is possible that the rise in rice prices caused by lower production could be a result of a shift by the working population in India from working in the agriculture moving to the services sector.
 

A great deal of knowledge is tacit and therefore difficult to transfer. Its reproduction can be extremely costly and requires an environment in which it can be harnessed effectively. According to a recent World Bank publication India is at the bottom end ranking 98 out of 128 countries of an index that measures the ability to create, absorb and diffuse knowledge therefore its threat is minimal to the UK economy. The economy-wide measures such as a country's balance of payments can assist us in understanding the patterns of cross border trade and establish the impact of offshoring. If the outsourcing of tasks by UK based companies to off-shore locations i.e. India is soaring then the UK should be importing more of these services from India.
 

The CBI has stated that the UK companies have benefited from off-shore as they are now receiving improved work-force skills at a low rate making their enterprises more profitable. According to results obtained from the Office for National Statistics the redundancy rate for the three months to January 2008 was 4.4 per 1,000 employees, down 0.9 over the quarter and down 1.1 over the year. These figures on the redundancy rate reflect that though a large number of organizational services have been off-shored services this has not had a significant impact on the UK economy.
 

The UK has emerged as a world leader in ‘knowledge services' and between 1995 - 2005 exports of its services grew by over 100% compared to its exports of traditional service exports such as transport. India is ranked 6th for global ‘insourcing' behind the US, UK, German France and the Netherlands who appear to be the top recipients of off-shore outsourcing .
 

Indian business insiders see future off-shore outsourcing as an advantage for Europe enabling it to focus on the ‘thinking part of the job, providing opportunities for better jobs and knowledge work in Europe' . Increase in knowledge base will benefit the UK economy.
 

The scale of the off-shore phenomenon has been exaggerated and future pattern of off-shore will need to be different if it is going to be different from the one today. The UK economy reflects that is able to cope with all sorts of change when combining competitive markets with social networks in order to manager transitions.
 

CONCLUSION
 

Business process outsourcing allows organizations to gain competitive advantage whilst reducing costs and allows the organisation to concentrate on its core functions and engage experts in that particular field. Although the advantages seem tempting to any organization that is aiming to make profits, its is crucial to realize that there are also numerous disadvantages which accompany it such and major costs involved in relocating operations which could far outweigh the income generated. In order to ensure a high level standard service is being supplied stringent measures, risk assessments and audits need to be carried out. In order to gain competitive advantage organisations have to outsource and off-shore. Distance and lack of control may harm the flexibility and speed of delivery due to practical implications of language, time, cultural difference and the lack of face to face interaction often needed to resolve problems. Some services can be done in anywhere in the world in theory, but even multinationals rely in practice on local delivery of services with a global brand image supported by global expertise.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

Initially the costs for BT went up and the transferred workforce took time to adjust to their role as a service provider. By outsourcing, BT reduced its training by 50% and cut the waiting lists of people requiring training by 26%. In 2007 the organization managed to save an amount worth US$2.2 million relative to time savings and adequate coverage for sick absences. BT employees satisfaction increased and a tremendous enhancement of Information Systems to provide self HR services took place, offering the employee flexibility in terms of obtaining their personnel data and self-service. Value has been added, BT now has one HR specialist to every 200 employees, which is well ahead of the benchmarks in the telecommunications set by companies on the FTSE 100.
 

The analysis of the BT case studyreflects that when BT outsourced its HR function its operational costs were reduced costs and it gained competitive advantage through organisational performance. The HR outsourcing created a change in BTs organisational structure and created cultural change that is reflected in the low priority on employee motivation, trust and overall commitment. Rewards based on performance reflect that BT was transformed to become a profit led organization with a top to down bureaucratic line of communication posing the risk of limited knowledge sharing between permanent and contract staff who view each other as rivals hence defining the cultural change.
 

RECOMMENDATION
 

It is important to be brutally honest when communicating with staff on intentions to retrench or move work off-shore in order to facilitate smooth transitions. To improve its environment, BT needs to maximize the effectiveness of its human capital throughout the organisation and look into ways of motivating its workforce so that they are motivated and enthused to contribute more towards the company's goal. Increasing motivation is likely to result in innovation and a willingness to contribute to the organisations success. To facilitate effective adaptation of the employees to new working conditions, managers should reduce restraining forces and reinforces driving forces. The UK government needs to supporting companies' skills shortages through bespoke and generic training of school or college leavers. Organisations need to developing and assisting people by giving them the necessary transferable skills they need in order to remain in or enter into the engineering sector. Offering secondments, mentoring and coaching opportunities to support the sector's HR and operational needs.
 

Bibliography
 

BOOKS:

Armstrong, M., (2003), A Handbook of Human Resources Management Practice, 9th edition., Kogan Page.

Beardwell, I., Claydon, T., Holden, T., (2004), Human Resources Management, 4th edition., Prentice Hall.

Chaffey (2002) ‘E-Business and e-commerce management: Strategy, implementation and Practice' :FT Prentice Hall#p#分頁標題#e#

Frubel, F., Heinrichs, J and Kreye, O 1980'The New International division of labour: Structural unemployment:Cambridge Press

Graham, H.T., Bennet, R., (1998), Human Resources Management, 9th edition., McGraw-Hill.

Greco (1997) xx

Johnson, W., Scholes, B., (2002), Exploring Corporate Strategy, 1st edition., Pearson Education Ltd.

Morello (2003) xx

Mullins, L., (2001), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition., Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.

Senior, B., (1997), Organisational Change, 1st edition, Harlow, Pitman.

JOURNALS, PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS ARTICLES:

Accenture (2004) ‘Accenture HR Services: Client success story: BT'

Ahmed (2004) BBC Correspondent in Bombay ‘India dismisses outsourcing fears'

Amiti, M. and Jing Wei, S. (2005) Economic Policy: International Monetary Fund and CEPR, Vol 20, Iss 42 pg308

Barney, J. (1991), Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 pp.99-120.

Barney, J. (1997), Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantages, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Bartlett, C., Ghosal, S. (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.

Brinkley, I ‘Defining the Knowledge Economy' The Work Foundation, 2006

Business Issues ‘Outsourcing: 14 Critical Success Factors (1995) February

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) The Changing HR Function,Survey Report. London

Corporate Partners Research Programme: ‘Outsourcing and Offshoring, Implications for Organsiational capacity' The Work Foundation

Deloitte and YouGov Report, 2006

Deloitte and Recruitment Employment Confederation : Report on Jobs , September 2005

Ellinger, A., Ellinger, A., Yang, B., Howton, S. (2002), "The relationship between the learning organization concept and firm's financial performance: an empirical assessment", Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 13 No.1, pp.5-21.

European Restructuring Monitor,'European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions' Quarter 3, 2007

European Restructing Monitor'European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions' Spring 2007

LFS Redundancy tables ‘www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vllnk=9474 :Accessed 23/03/08

European Employment Outlook 2007, OECD,June 2007

Harris, A., Giumipero, L., Hult, T. (1998), "Impact of organisational and contract flexibility on outsourcing contracts", Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 27 pp.373-84.

Human Resource Management International Digest Volume 16 Number 1 2008 pp. 10-12 Copyright © Emerald Group Publishing Limited ISSN 0967-0734

Huselid, M., Becker, B. (1997), "The impact of high performance work systems, implementation effectiveness and alignment with strategy on shareholder wealth", paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Boston, MA, .#p#分頁標題#e#

Jackson, S., Hitt, M., DeNisi, A. (Eds) (2004), Managing Knowledge for Sustained Competitive Advantage: Designing Strategies for Effective HRM, Jossey Bass, San Franscisco, CA, .

Johnson, W., (2007), “ Leveraging intellectual capital through product and process management of human capital”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3, no 4.

Klass, B.S., (2003), “Professional Employer Organisations and Their Role in Small and Medium Enterprises: The Impact of HR Outsourcing”, Entrepreneurship theory and practice, Fall, pp.43-61.

Lander, E. (2006) ‘Money Management Journal: All Abroad' p30-37

Le Monde ‘Boomtown Bangalore' April 2007

Mabey, C., Salaman, G., Storey, J. (1998), Human Resource Management: A Strategic Introduction, Blackwell Publishers, Boston, MA, .

Mahoney, C., Brewster, C. (2002), "Outsourcing the HR function in Europe", Journal of Professional HRM, Vol. 27 pp.23-8.

McCarthur, J. ‘3.3m US Services Jobs to Go Offshore' Forrester Research, Nov 2002

McKinsey Global Institute Report, 2007

Office of Government Statistics: Geographical breakdown of current account, The Pink Book: 2006 edn

Paauwe, J., Boselie, P. (2002), "Challenging (strategic) human resource management theory: integration of resource-based approaches and new institutionalism", ERIM Report Series Research in Management, No. April .

Penrose, E. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Wiley, New York, NY, .

Peteraf, M. (1993), "The cornerstone of the competitive advantage: a resource-based view", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14 pp.179-91.

Prahalad, C. and Hamel, G (1990) ‘The Core Competence of the Corporation' Harvard Business review May-June

Report on the Department of Trade and Industry by Ovum (2006)

Ryan Kinzy, K3, CEO

Saunders and Gebelt and Hu 1997 xxx

Source: Office for National Statistics Published on 19 March 2008 at 9:30 am

Steve Loy, Lecturer Eastern Kentucky University

Tran, V., (2008), “ The role of the emotional climate in learning organisations”, The Learning Organisation, 3, issue. 5, pp. 99-103.

Ulrich, D., (1996), Human Resources Champions, Boston, Harvard University Press.

Wernerfelt, B. (1984), "A resource-based view of the firm", Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5 pp.171-80.

William M. Mercer and Cranfield School of Management (2000), European Trends in HR Outsourcing, William M. Mercer and Cranfield School of Management, research report.

Wright, P., McMahan, G., McCormick, B., Sherman, S. (1998), "Strategy, core competence, and Human Resource involvement as determinants of HR effectiveness and refinery performance", Human Resource Management, Vol. 36 pp.17-29.

Wright, S., (2007), Management of Innovation and Change, 3rd edition., London, Distant Learning Centre, South Bank University.#p#分頁標題#e#

William, R.L., Bukowitz, W.R., (2002), “ The yin and yang of intellectual capital management: the impact of ownership on realising value from intellectual capital”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2, issue. 2, pp. 96-110.

Youndt, M., Snell, S., Dean, J., Lapak, D. (1996), "Human resource management manufacturing strategy and firm performance", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No.4, pp.836-66.