新聞學是當代極為重要的一門學科，涉及到信息、時事、問題、人等資源信息的收集、分析、驗證，從事新聞事業中，記者是我們極為熟悉的一個職位，主要負責采編時事，報道熱點事件，向大眾展示發生了什么事情，這件事情的主要目標是什么，發生在什么地點，什么時間，什么時候，以及為什么發生和發生的意義，新聞有兩種主要的形式，印刷新聞和廣播新聞，印刷新聞主要指的是紙質產業，廣播新聞指的是廣播和電視新聞類型，本文主要講述了新聞學的相關知識，希望對大家有所幫助。
 

History of Journalism and Bob Woodward
 

Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting news regarding current events, trends, issues and people. The certain individuals who practice journalism are called journalists. Journalism's main goal in reporting events is to state who, what, when, where, why, and how, and to explain the significance of all. There are two main types of journalism which are print journalism and also broadcast journalism. Print journalism can include newspapers, news magazines, newsletters, general interest magazines, and online news pages. Next is broadcast journalism which actually merges off into two categories which are radio and television. Radio gathers the facts and the journalist are forced to convey the story with the help of interesting noises and background sounds. Television mainly relies on visual information to display and basically help tell the story. Through the use of the television it proves to help characterize the story with the use of on-camera interviews, interviews with people involved in the story, and pictures or video from where the story took place. Journalism has developed steadily over the past years and it is a part of society's everyday life.
 

In America the first newspaper appeared in Boston in 1690, which was called Publick Occurrences. This paper was published without authority, its publisher was arrested, and all copies were destroyed. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, which was started by John Campbell in 1704. Although it was heavily subsidized by the colonial government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation. Two more papers made their appearance in the 1720's, in Philadelphia and New York. By the eve of the Revolutionary War, about two dozen papers were issued at all the colonies, although Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania would remain the centers of American printing for many years. At war's end in 1783 there were forty-three newspapers in print which journalism played a vital role in the affairs of the new nation.
 

The industrial revolution, as it transformed all aspects of American life and society, dramatically affected newspapers. Both the numbers of papers and their paid circulations continued to rise and by1850 there were over 2,500 titles. It was during the Civil War the unprecedented demand for timely, accurate news reporting transformed American journalism into a force in the national life. Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years, with over 11,000 different papers in 1880. By 1890 there was a new modern newspaper, which included bold headlines, illustrations, funny pages, and sports pages. The rise of "yellow journalism" also marks this era. By the 1910's, all the essential features of the modern newspaper had emerged.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

In 1920 radio journalism was beginning and started in Pittsburgh broadcasting news on the hour every hour. In 1944 when the allies invaded Normandy, everybody heard the news on the radio. When France surrendered to the Nazis in the beginning of the Second World War, General Charles De Gaulle appealed to the people of France to resist the Nazis from a radio broadcast.
 

In the 1950's, television debuted, and television journalism started. In 1960 the Nixon-Kennedy debates were televised and were also on the radio. On the radio it sounded like Nixon was winning the debate, but on television you could see that Nixon was sweating and very nervous.
 

In 1972, a Washington Post reporter uncovered one of the biggest scandals in America's history. Bob Woodward is one the best known journalists in the United States mainly because of his work in helping uncover the Watergate scandal that eventually led to President Nixon's resignation. With the help of is partner Carl Bernstein, the two made the big discovery.
 

Woodward was born on March 26, 1943 in Geneva, Illinois. After graduating from Yale University in 1965 Woodward joined the U.S. Navy where he served as a communications officer for naval intelligence. Woodward left the service in 1970 and began his career in journalism on the Montgomery County Sentinel and the following year he joined The Washington Post.
 

Woodward along with being a reporter for The Washington Post and assistant managing editor also writes many books. He focuses on the presidency, intelligence, and Washington institutions such as the U.S. Supreme Court, The Pentagon, and the Federal Reserve. Woodward has spent the most time of any journalist with President George W. Bush, interviewing him four times for more than seven hours total. In writing his books, Woodward collects detailed records, including interviews, documents, transcripts, and recordings and then uses them to describe his story. Woodward's dual role as a journalist and author has brought criticism upon himself because some people think he holds on to information so he can publish a book rather than a article. Despite his criticisms, Bob Woodward has been praised and acknowledged as one of the best and a very balanced journalist.
 

The coverage of the scandal by the Washington Post reinforced the importance of newspapers and the media in general to the American public. Through investigative reporting, a presidency had been brought down, and scandals had been uncovered. Most importantly, investigations by journalists had most probably directly led to a president of the United States resigning. Newspapers were taken more seriously after the scandal uncovered which led Nixon out of office. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein won a Pulitzer Prize for their work on the case which made both men well known and greatly appreciated in journalism.