國際與國內市場營銷的比較
 

營銷比較：澳大利亞與美國的國際國內市場營銷
 

正如美國市場營銷協會所斷定的一樣，“營銷是一個組織化的功能，和一系列創造交流的過程，并提供客戶價值和客戶方式的方式，這會有利于組織和利益相關者”（美國市場營銷協會 2004）。這個定義適用于任何產品，任何目標的國有企業。營銷是任何企業的核心，來自營銷的兩個基本功能(1)保留和維持目前的客戶基礎。(2)發展或提高新的客戶關系。集中于這兩個方面是營銷的基本。做好為什么，什么人，怎么樣，什么時候的計劃，圍繞著產品，服務，或者想法。所有的發展源于營銷理念，營銷是一個過程，一個識別，預見，滿足顧客的需求和欲望的計劃，無論產品或服務，業務或國家。無論是國際或國內市場營銷活動場所，本質上都是一樣的。
 

International vs Domestic Marketing Comparison
 

Marketing Comparison: International and Domestic Australia and the United States 

 

As defined by the American Marketing Association, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders" (AMA, 2004). The definition is applied to any product, business firm?in any targeted country. 

Marketing is the core of any business venture. Two basic functions are derived from marketing: 1) to retain and sustain present customer base, and 2) to develop new and/or improved customer relations. Focusing on these two aspects is the essence of marketing. The plan for why, whom, how, and when?surrounding the product, service, or idea? all develop and stem from marketing ideas and concepts. Marketing is a process, a plan developed to identify, foresee, and satisfy customer needs and desires?no matter the product or service, the business, or the country. Whether the market is a domestic or international venue, marketing activities are essentially the same; however, must be tailored to the unique attributes of the product and the country of target. 
 

文化影響-Cultural Influences 
 

Understanding the principles of culture as well as the individual cultural diversity and similarities of target locations allows marketers to recognize that one standardized strategy can never reach an entire global market. Marketers must recognize cultural differences and similarities within objectives, strategies, and in communicating with international markets, as there are different values, attitudes and buying behaviors. #p#分頁標題#e#
 

Australia is an open-minded and comprehensive society, a nation built by people from many different backgrounds. Vietnam, China, Greece, and the United Kingdom are among the top 10 countries that Australians have migrated. Much like the United States, Australia is a mosaic of many nationalities. Cultural diversity has become a touchstone of Australia's national identity. Cultural diversity in Australia is attributed to 90% of the population lives in urban areas, resulting in exposure to many different forms of thinking, acceptance, and educational opportunities. Comparatively, 80% of Americans live in metropolitan areas (United States of America, 2007). 
 

Australians tend to be proud of their heritage as they view themselves as a nation that convicts and working people built into a wealthy, educated, and democratic society in a callous and harsh land (Commonwealth of Australia, 2007). This resonance will not accept antagonistic, flamboyant, or arrogant behavior?socially or in business environments. Most Americans are patriotic and consider their country a guardian of democracy and freedom (United States of America, 2007). Americans have a tendency to be forthright and blunt and appreciate candid associates. Australians are sociable and affable and hold life's enjoyments as a paramount attribute. This prevailing optimism also attributes living in an instant gratification society (Patterson, 2007). They enjoy spacious homes, elaborate vacations, stylish cars, the arts, and movies. Americans also enjoy socializing, and enjoy it often; in small or large groups (United States of America, 2007). Most activities are centered on eating, special occasions, recreation, in general, spending time with family and friends. 
 

Religion generally does not play an important role in daily life, mostly reserved for holidays and special occasions (Commonwealth of Australia, 2007). Statistically, 76% are Christians (Anglican, Roman Catholic, and the Uniting Church), with the remaining 24% as religions from immigrant religions, such as Islam and Buddhism. The average family consists of 2 to 3 children, with larger families conducive to immigrant groups. The United States was founded on the freedom from religious persecution; therefore, historically religion has ties to the formation of the American government. Roughly, 80% of Americans are of the Christian faith and regard religion as a personal matter (United States of America, 2007). 
 

English is the national and prevailing language; however, Australian English is unique as the language contains numerous colloquialisms and idioms. Examples taken from Commonwealth of Australia (2007): Spot on means "Right on". A prang is a "fender bender". If someone is unwell, he or she is crook. English is also the national and prevailing language in American; however, English is referred to as American English?also, full of unique idioms (United States of America, 2007). Cultural influences are the most difficult and essential modifications confronting international marketers. Marketers are confronted with different attitudes, lifestyles, beliefs, languages?all of which will affect the implementation of the marketing mix.#p#分頁標題#e#

政治影響-Political Influences 
 

Imperative to every marketer's evaluation of an international market is an appreciation for the political environment of the country within which a business plans to operate (Cateora & Graham, 2007). Government involvement in business activities abroad is generally much greater than business is accustomed to domestically. Marketers must continually monitor political activities as business activities that were once perceived desirable, may become less desirable during times of political change and instability. 
 

Australia is a federal parliamentary state consisting of six federated states that possess power of all matters, except those reserved to the Commonwealth of Australia in the constitution. This political configuration was developed in Australia's humble beginnings and continues to represent a strong and stable government. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II and is represented by an Australian governor-general. The prime minister is head of the government (Commonwealth of Australia, 2007). Three political parties dominate the Australian political structure?the Liberal Party (LP), the National Party (NP), and the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Political partiality is present in each party, as the LP tends to represent urban business-related groups, the NP is partial to rural interests, and the ALP presumably corresponds with the trade unions and liberal groups. 
 

The US government is structured with an executive president at the helm. The US Congress consists of a 435-member House of Representatives, and a 100-member Senate. The country has a strong federal structure, and devolves its legal and fiscal system to a considerable extent. The United States also has 3 major parties; Republicans, Democrats, and Independent. 

There is strong bipartisan sentiment on several international issues, including Australia's commitment to its alliance with the United States and strongly supports the United States' activities in the Asia-Pacific region. 
 

經濟影響-Economic Influences 
 

Economic influences are the most important elements to which international marketers must adjust activities and strategies. The economic growth of a country is greatly affected by the demand of goods, the distributions systems and infrastructures, consumer spending, taxation?the elements are insurmountable.
 

Australia has one of the strongest economies in the world, with a stable growth of 3.7% for the last 14 years. The growth was instigated by structural improvements and reinforcing frameworks for economic and fiscal policies (Australia, 2007). Conversely, a comparison with Australian lifestyle?one that enjoys spending money on life's enjoyments will affect this continued growth, as Australia has a very low rate of domestic savings. "Large cuts in income taxes announced in 2006 could help to offset an expected slowdown in consumer spending" (Australia, 2007). #p#分頁標題#e#
 

The United States has the strongest economy in the world. "As one of the world's most advanced economies, the country leads the way in the information technology revolution and in many other areas of technical innovation" (United States, 2007). Nevertheless, the United States has retained a huge deficit for numerous years with many international trade partners. 
 

法律影響-Legal Influences 
 

Business firms face a mass of issues and difficulties in their labors to develop successful marketing programs abroad. The countless questions created by different laws and different legal systems indicate that the business must follow a cautious path within international marketing operations, and be well versed in the particulars of the international legal environment (Cateora & Graham, 2007). 
 

Trade relations between the United States and Australia continue to strengthen and form new partnerships through the relationship with other neighboring countries. Australia has been an active participant in international affairs since World War I and has fought beside the United States and other Allies in every significant conflict to the present day. Thus, presumably, legal issues and confrontations are addressed and resolved in a civilized and conjunctive manner. 
 

Both countries share a commitment to liberalizing global trade. Both work closely together in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and both are active members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. This relationship will afford domestic marketers an ease of legal ramifications in international marketing efforts. 
 

Conclusion 
 

Today businesses are confronted with international environments that are dynamic and challenging. Accelerating advances in technology, an ever-changing and fast-paced marketplace, demanding customers, increasing global competition, and pressures for stakeholders are the present and future realities. The significance in cultural, legal, political, and economical differences of international countries will greatly affect the marketing mix. Marketers cannot afford to ignore the basic key elements of a target country and market. These elements are collectively related and decisions need to be made after analyzing and researching the many aspects of each influence. 

 

References 
 

American Marketing Association (AMA). (2004). Definition of Marketing. Retrieved 

November 4, 2007, from http://www.marketingpower.com/content4620.php 

Australia. (2007). Country Watch Review 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from 

Country Watch Database 

Cateora, P. R. & Graham, J. L. (2007). International Marketing (13th ed.). The McGraw #p#分頁標題#e#

Hill Companies. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from University of Phoenix, 

eResource, MKT 450 ? International Marketing Course Web site. 

Commonwealth of Australia. (2007). CultureGrams 2007 World Edition. ProQuest CSA. 

Retrieved November 4, 2007, from CultureGrams Online Database. 

United States. (2007). Country Watch Review 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007, from 

Country Watch Database 

U.S. Department of State. (2007). Background Note: Australia. Retrieved November 4, 

2007, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm