在第一種情況下IAS 17,是眾多企業(yè)規(guī)定的承租人,租賃公司可以應(yīng)用適當(dāng)?shù)臅嬚吆托畔⑴豆矩攧?wù)和經(jīng)營租賃情況。會計的直線折舊方法的項目將使用項目的決心和轉(zhuǎn)售價值。使用這些預(yù)先確定的數(shù)量,直線折舊使用下列公式:(項目的價格轉(zhuǎn)售價值的物品)/數(shù)年項目。折舊使用這種方法有一些缺點,但也有好處。

直線折舊公式?jīng)]有任何變量,在貴公司的控制之下(修改后的加速成本回收的制度),美國國稅局的恢復(fù)期表明了公司的特定屬性。

在國稅局的方針下,汽車是分配是一個為期五年的復(fù)蘇時期,辦公家具都被分配一個七年恢復(fù)期。不同于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的汽車里程率,直線折舊折舊是為數(shù)不多的方法，公司可以使用所有因素的公式是一致的,并且在你的控制范圍之內(nèi)。

In the first case IAS 17 is used.It is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosures to apply in relation to Finance and operating leases. The Straight-line depreciation is a method of accounting where the number of years the item is going to be used and the re-sale value of the item are determined. Using these predetermined amounts, straight-line depreciation uses the following formula: (price of the item - re-sale value of the item)/number of years the item is used. There are some drawbacks to using this method of depreciation, but there are also benefits.

The straight-line depreciation formula does not have any variables that are outside of your company's control.MACRS (modified accelerated cost recovery system), the IRS has a say in the recovery period of your company's specific property.

Under IRS guidelines, cars are assigned a five-year recovery period, and office furniture is assigned a seven-year recovery period. Unlike the standard mileage rate for an automobile, which changes each year, straight-line depreciation is one of the few methods of depreciation your company can use where all of the factors in the formula are consistent and in your control.

Straight-line depreciation is a relatively easy formula to understand, and it is also easy to account for in your books. The depreciation value is the same each year; you do not have to figure a new rate as you do when the IRS publishes changes to the stay. The only time you may have to alter your numbers is if you exceed the IRS maximum allowable depreciation for a given year.

Straight-line depreciation predetermines re-sale value. After an asset is used for five years, it is usually still worth something. Straight-line depreciation accounts for that and provides a more accurate depiction of the asset's true worth. This is especially true for cars, which usually have a salvage value. If the asset does not have a salvage value, a 0 can be entered in the formula in place of the re-sale value, and the straight-line method can still be used.

The disadvantages of Straight Line Depreciation are:-
When additions are made to asset calculation are required for each asset having a different here it assumes the asset will estimated life time.
It does not take into account the cost by way of interest on the money invested.
Actual depreciation wear and tear of the machine downtime in the later years is likely to be more than the earlier years which is not recognized by this method.

Sum of Digits method is an accelerated depreciation method,where it assumes the asset will lose the majority of its value in the first few years of its useful life.It is based on purchase price,salvage value and years of usefulness. To calculate depreciation with this method, find the depreciation fraction, which is the asset's total years of life still left divided by the sum of all the years. For example, if the asset's life is 5 years, divide the years still left by the following sum: 1+2+3+4+5. The general formula for the sum of the year is 1+2+3+4+...+n, where n is the asset's total life. Once you have the value of the fraction for each year, multiply it by the difference between the cost of the asset and its salvage value. The result you get each year is the depreciation for that year.

Sum-of-years’ digits depreciation method is rarely used in practice. Its use is predominantly in the financial and regulated industries. It is most commonly applied to intangible assets, specifically to customer relationships .

Write off in assets are more because the depreciation value reduces nearly the double every year due to which the assets are written off at an early stage.

Sum-of-years’ digits is an acceptable depreciation method a in financial reporting under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

It shows reports both across companies and within given companies. It means its useful for holding companies and subsidiaries. It show that the primary application is to specific intangible asset categories in the financial and regulated industries.

It is most easily applied if the company has a policy of allocating depreciation on assets acquired during the period on a whole-year basis.
The Acturial method allocates interest to each period.It maintains the constant rate on the outstanding amount.It uses the interest rate implicit in the lease.It is done in financial lease.

The cost approach calculates total final benefits based on several assumptions, including the rate of wage increases and when employees will retire.

The amount of funding that will be needed to meet those future benefits is then determined. The benefit approach finds the present value of future benefits by discounting them.

In Physical completion the construction and project finance, are the method for calculating profits and losses in which revenue is recognized as it is received, provided that it is prorated according to the percentage of the project that is complete. This differs from the completed-contract method, which only recognizes revenues after the physical completion of the contract.

Surveyor method is where the completion of the work and the certification of the work is done by the surveyor.In this the percentage of certification is done.The location of the contract is also certified.

It is beneficial as the amount of contract revenue is determined from surveyors method.
The stage of completion is also determined through this.
The method is used to determine the contract revenue recognised in the period.
They can also advise clients on the best way to profit from a finished project, any future costs from maintenance that may occur, and help clients begin new construction projects
The disadvantages of the contractor can determine the revenue or loss in the contract beforehand.
The points below highlight the cost method of accounting for investments specifically and not the general method of cost accounting that are used in the internal firm product or service costing (accounting).
The original cost of the investment, that is the historical cost which was paid for the investment, when it was first bought, is the one that is recorded in the balance sheet.
Once the balance sheet entry has been made, no further adjustments and changes are required to be made, unless the fair market value of the investment drops to such an extent that there is doubt over any kind of possible recovery. Under such a circumstance, a permanent write off of the investment is made.
If any dividends are declared on the investment in question, the dividends are recoredd like normal dividends and the usual accounting entries are passed for the same.
Any undistributed earnings on the investments are not recorded in the owner's balance sheet and hence have no effect on the final balance sheet, per se.

The consolidation process under the cost method of accounting requires that both, the investment account and the dividend account, be eliminated completely when the parent and the subsidiary consolidate their accounts. You can use accounting software to aid with the consolidation process.

It is important to note here that no matter which method of accounting is used (cost or equity), the consolidated financial statements
In the third one IAS 10 is followed as the main goal of this is to adjust its financial statements for the events after the balance cheet and that an entity should give about the date when the financial statements were authorized for issue and about events after the balance sheet.Some events are favourable and the other are infavourable. Events can be identified when the financial statements are authorized for issue.

Adjust financial statements for adjusting events: events after the balance sheet date that provide further evidence of conditions that existed at the balance sheet, including events that indicate that the going concern assumption in relation to the whole or part of the enterprise is not appropriate. They dont adjust for non adjusting events or events where the conditions arose after the balance sheet date. [IAS 10.10]

If an entity declares dividends after the balance sheet date, the entity shall not recognise those dividends as a liability to the balance sheet date. That is a non adjusting event.

IAS 37 is to ensure that steps and criteria measurement bases are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount. The principle is to establish the Standard that a provision should be recognised only when there is a liability which is present in the obligation resulting from past events. The Standard thus ensures that only correct cases are dealt with in the financial .In this the chances of the incidence should be taken into consideration.There should not be any kind of purposefuuly making up a scene. An entity must consider the provision if The present obligation (legal or constructive) has arisen as a result of a past event payment is probable (the amount can be estimated reliably.

An obligating event is an event that creates a legal or constructive obligation and, therefore, results in an entity having no realistic alternative but to settle the obligation.

A constructive obligation arises if past practice creates a valid expectation on the part of a third party, for example, a retail store that has a long-standing policy of allowing customers to return merchandise within, say, a 30-day period.

A possible obligation (a contingent liability) is disclosed but not accrued. However, disclosure is not required if payment is remote.
In rare cases, for example in a lawsuit, it may not be clear whether an entity has a present obligation. In those cases, a past event is deemed to give rise to a present obligation if, taking account of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that a present obligation exists at the balance sheet date. A provision should be recognised for that present obligation if the other recognition criteria described above are met. If it is more likely than not that no present obligation exists, the entity should disclose a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources is remote.

The amount recognised as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date, that is, the amount that an entity would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party.This means:

Provisions for one-off events (restructuring, environmental clean-up, settlement of a lawsuit) are measured at the most likely amount.
Provisions for large populations of events (warranties, customer refunds) are measured at a probability-weighted expected value.
Both measurements are at discounted present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

In reaching its best estimate, the entity should take into account the risks and uncertainties that surround the underlying events.
If some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision is expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement should be recognised as a separate asset, and not as a reduction of the required provision, when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the entity settles the obligation. The amount recognised should not exceed the amount of the provision.
In measuring a provision consider future events as follows:forecast reasonable changes in applying existing technology ignore possible gains on sale of assets consider changes in legislation only if virtually certain to be enacted。

Straight departments at the municipal finance bureau under the guidance of various functional departments, to act quickly, according to the requirements of meeting deployment and activities of the scheme, general requirements and the particularity of combining, make plan, propaganda and mobilization, the implementation of the program, and formulate measures to carry out audits.Nearly 200 units to develop the activity plan, and actively carry out audits;More than 1200 accounting personnel to participate in the yichang city bureau of finance bureau of the organization's business training.Each department has to carry out the consulting services to more than 40 JianCi, by unit and the widespread high praise.Combined with the national, provincial, the city's accounting "double first" selection activities, the selection straight administrative institution accounting work advanced collectives and advanced individuals, to accounting work advanced collectives and advanced individuals to recognize.Yichang straight authority affairs administration, people's procuratorate, public security bureau, health bureau, central hospital, hospital, commission for discipline inspection departments have quickly set up the program, in a timely manner to carry out the training and check list rectification work.

Economy cannot leave the accounting, the guided by the scientific outlook on development, building a well-off society in an all-round way in the new period, the accounting management work position, task, function, new changes have taken place in the environment.Accounting links with the economic and social development is more and more close, the economic system reform promotes the reform of accounting, accounting reform along with the deepening of economic system reform and push forward, opened up a broader space, status, function expanding.Accounting reform and provide an important support for the reform of economic system, greatly promote the development of the socialist market economy.The economic system reform and accounting reform "two lines" so progress in promote each other, promote each other.

Deputy finance minister wang is a period in the future accounting reform and development in our country, put forward the scientific development as a center, in order to better serve the economic and social development stage and into the world accounting for the "two points", mechanism, standard, business, talent, culture, economic development as the overall requirements of "six support", in 2020 to improve to adapt to the needs of the socialist market economic system and international accounting system of the overall goal.
Seen from the relationship of accounting and finance and economy, the former is the foundation of the latter.Accounting is an important content of scientific advance finance fine management and basic work.Pay special attention to the accounting work, is laying solid foundation of finance management and strengthen the financial management at the grass-roots level, a key support to achieve fiscal scientific, fine management, and standardize the order of social economy, strengthen and improve macroeconomic regulation and control of "infrastructure", is to do big cake is the inevitable requirement of economic development and finance income.From the international perspective, the accounting is the international general commercial language, accounting information is an important basis for the allocation of resources under the condition of economic globalization.

Seen from the relationship of accounting and finance and economy, the former is the foundation of the latter.Accounting is an important content of scientific advance finance fine management and basic work.Pay special attention to the accounting work, is laying solid foundation of finance management and strengthen the financial management at the grass-roots level, a key support to achieve fiscal scientific, fine management, and standardize the order of social economy, strengthen and improve macroeconomic regulation and control of "infrastructure", is to do big cake is the inevitable requirement of economic development and finance income.From the international perspective, the accounting is the international general commercial language, accounting information is an important basis for the allocation of resources under the condition of economic globalization.

Relative to the importance of the accounting work, from the present situation of the accounting work in different parts of the foundation is different, different management level, the market demand is different, the implementation of the system, personnel management, improve quality, order specifications, social recognition, etc., facing many need to study, explore and solve the problem, and the farther at the grass-roots level, the more specific issues in front of the accountants' management ¨'s eye.Management object from a pure state-owned enterprises and institutions to the society all kinds of accounting body and accounting personnel to expand;Management by hand, extensive management to the informationization, the elaborating management change;Management policies and directional, closed by a single paper document information transfer to the spread of the media and social public trend change;Accounting supervision by the administrative supervision to the administrative and social supervision, combining the direction of development;With the accelerating process of standardization and legalization of accounting management.To adapt to the new situation of accounting reform, the urgent need to accounting management workers to renew the idea, seize the opportunity, grasp the law, innovation, create a new situation of the accounting management.

Accounting management in current year special report of jingmen, accounting management is not fantasy, not talk, not content to passively accept, simple processing problems, from the local economic development and construction in the process of looking for the orientation of accounting management, develop accounting management work space, foot solid underground the achievements and influence.Yin chang city bureau of finance accounting department to do daily, transactional work at the same time, and to jump out to climb the height, mining depth, summarize and grasp the law of development and change trend of accounting profession, follow the "do not fall behind, do not conformism" train of thought, to guide the actual work.

Make it a thing well done, very difficult.Industry at present there exist such arguments: "build zhang regulation can grasp the real accounting information of enterprises", "rural financial principal-agent service how to adapt to the corporate operation transformation of village collective economic organization".While conducting a job all failed to achieve the purpose of several years later, but actively explore to try and find a solution action will discuss without doing, loitering.

Accounting work need to do, serious learning seriously and actively, not escape.Accounting work along with the social and economic development, has entered the phase of reorientation.In the critical period of the 12th five-year plan is about to start, finance and accounting management departments at all levels, needs large number of summary, the straightening out of work.In a new stage of development, the accounting reform bright prospects and a long way, both to enhance the confidence of winning, and fighting spirit to seize every minute.

In practice we should continue to explore new ways, new ideas to guide our work and standardize our accounting industry.Uplifting spirit, innovation, and the drum drive more sufficient, the measures to grasp more real, do the work better, make accounting work into the center of the financial system work to feed into the overall situation of economic and social development, better service for economic construction in our country, trying to write a new chapter! Accounting career.