信息技術的普遍應用對高等教育的影響：Impact of the universal application of information technology in higher education
04-26, 2014
信息技術的普遍應用已經有一段的歷程了，高等教育院校對數字化資源的開發還在進展，用以促進交流，共享和重施，目前已經成為一個熱門話題。 2006年專業部分開始設立了100個職業示范院校，大學基本上是建立一致的重點建設項目，職業數字化資源建設迎來了一個新的示范數字化資源發展時期。我作為一個科技學院數字資源建設為項目的研究員，全面負責以下過程，結合我的經驗，我將分析如何進行建設和開發。
Universal application of information technology has been for some time, vocational colleges digitized resources development, to promote the exchange, sharing and re-applied, seems to have become a hot topic. In 2006 the Ministry of Education started vocational 100 Model Colleges, universities are basically building the demonstration digitized resources consistently identified as a priority construction projects, vocational Digital Resources Construction ushered in a new period of development. I, as Wuxi Institute of Technology Digital Resources Construction overall responsibility for the school's digital resources involved in the entire process, the following combined with my experience, Analysis of how digital resources construction.
Universal application of information technology has been for some time, vocational colleges digitized resources development, to promote the exchange, sharing and re-applied, seems to have become a hot topic. In 2006 the Ministry of Education started vocational 100 Model Colleges, universities are basically building the demonstration digitized resources consistently identified as a priority construction projects, vocational Digital Resources Construction ushered in a new period of development. I, as Wuxi Institute of Technology Digital Resources Construction overall responsibility for the school's digital resources involved in the entire process, the following combined with my experience, Analysis of how digital resources construction.
1 clear positioning, focusing on training needs1明確的定位，專注于培訓需求
現代教育技術教育的發展不僅改革了教育，也對教學模式和教學方法產生了全面而深刻的影響，同時也給我們提出了教育現代化的藍圖。作為一個教育者，如何使用教育規律，運用現代教育技術進行數字資源建設已成為一種必然趨勢。不同層次，不同類型的人才培養，需要適合自身的教育信息資源的特點。職業培訓中應用數字化資源的主要培養人才的同時也應注重學生能力，資源的培養，技術可應用于構成一個資源為基礎的媒體，同時注重理論和研究為基礎的媒體資源開發。
現代教育技術教育的發展不僅改革了教育，也對教學模式和教學方法產生了全面而深刻的影響，同時也給我們提出了教育現代化的藍圖。作為一個教育者，如何使用教育規律，運用現代教育技術進行數字資源建設已成為一種必然趨勢。不同層次，不同類型的人才培養，需要適合自身的教育信息資源的特點。職業培訓中應用數字化資源的主要培養人才的同時也應注重學生能力，資源的培養，技術可應用于構成一個資源為基礎的媒體，同時注重理論和研究為基礎的媒體資源開發。
The development of modern educational technology education produced a comprehensive and profound impact, not only the reform of the teaching mode and teaching methods, but also presents us an education modernization blueprint. Vocational how to use the education law, the use of modern educational technology for digital resources construction has become an inevitable trend. Different levels and types of personnel training, need to fit the characteristics of its own educational information resources. Vocational training applied talents in the main building of digitized resources should also focus on the cultivation of students' ability, resources, technology can be applied constitutes a resource-based media, while focusing on theory and research-based media resource development. In my hospital Computer Application Technology, for example, in the pre-construction professional resource library, after full investigation, combined with the professional training program, we will collect and use case development and related tools for the professional digital resources focus on building , while making relevant technical material finishing and production work. The professional digital resources project a construction is completed, the case base occupy a large proportion, Figure 1 is a hospital computer application repository components.#p#分頁標題#e#
2 focus on content and technology integration, the development of quality resources 注重內容和技術的融合，優質資源的開發
Content and technology is the digital divide resource development from different angles of the two levels, the content indicates that the resource information content to be rendered, technology refers to a specific type of media resources, what kind of way to render. General professional teachers, for their own professional involved a better understanding of the process of building digital resources to produce some PPT courseware can be, but to be some deep development of digital media resources are often the powerless. School during the overall planning of digital resources, to identify which is the key resource for these resources can be established curriculum or professional Liezi project development team, team members should be professional teachers, IT aspects of composition or art teachers, professional teachers responsible for specific contents of the resource design and scripting, and then by the IT aspects of the teachers to choose and implement the appropriate forms of media.
3 easy to use as a practical basis, both artistic and applicability容易作為一個實際的基礎來使用，兼具藝術性和實用性
The design of digital learning resources related to pedagogy, psychology, learning theory, instructional design, aesthetics and other aspects of knowledge, is not a simple process. How to design a comprehensive use of relevant theories practicality, adaptability and artistic, convenient interactive digital teaching resources, digital resources should focus on design issues.
(1) practical issues實際問題
Specific resources designed to fully take into account the actual needs of teaching and learning resources, topics must be carefully and accurately reflects practicality, according to the characteristics of resources to choose appropriate media forms, making sure that a picture or an animation an online courseware. Here it is necessary special mention in the resource courseware, topics particularly important to pay attention to the "new", "odd", "fun", do not make a simple "blackboard move", "copy books" should be designed from textbooks and high in textbooks.
(2) multimedia courseware design artistry and adaptability多媒體課件設計的藝術性和適應性
How to handle both for aesthetics but also to adapt teaching interface object age characteristics of media information is key to the design of digital resources. Digital resources, including text, graphics, images, sound, video, animation media information and literature, courseware, online courses and other teaching resources. Typically making graphics, images, video, animation, etc. focus on the design of a single material, practical and artistic effects to consider the problem. For courseware, online courses and other digital teaching resources to design, involving the media, the more information, the coordination among the more important, if you deal with the relationship between them is not good, easy to make people's sensory conflict, affecting the learning effect . Therefore, the design of the media to fully consider the characteristics of the learner.#p#分頁標題#e#
In the rapid development of the socialist market economy today, with the development of human resource management along the way with 20 years of promoting the development of Chinese enterprises play a decisive influence can be described , in which the impact of state-owned enterprises is particularly significant from a planned economy period national package delivery assigned " iron rice bowl" transition to a competitive market economy environment under the posts , to today in order to meet the changing needs of enterprise development structure consisting of internal personnel , service workers widening the road of enterprise development, and also play a role in increasing the post .
However, limited by the development of labor and employment history and the basic model , service workers and their contribution to the enterprise comprehensive salary income reciprocity prevalent in large state-owned enterprises . How effective incentive mechanism , improve the status of an imbalance between the contribution of labor and employment and income , is an important topic of current research needs of large state-owned enterprises .
Bank of Communications as well-known large-scale state-owned commercial banks, has a stable of talent incentive mechanism modernization is an important guarantee Bank of sustainable development. Labor used to work for Bank of the system, an important part of the staff should always cross the line in the development of modern staff management process occupies an important position.
In recent years , with the rapid development of science and technology , the core strategic resources enterprise capital gradually changed from the previous information , knowledge and creativity. For businesses, in order to achieve the fierce competition in the market place , to cultivate their core competitiveness is particularly urgent , and modern, standardized management and corporate culture and core competitiveness of key premise .
Many enterprises in order to improve efficiency, efforts to change the traditional management processes , labor and employment employing this new approach also emerged. It is a new model of corporate human resources to implement the functions of human resource management division of the increasingly sophisticated performance. Enterprises bigger and stronger and played a major role.
From state-owned banks in the Bank to commercial banks transfer process, start to enable labor and employment patterns. By limiting the total number of contract workers in the formal way to effectively control labor costs and improve efficiency in the use of labor costs . Especially with the gradual improvement of the social security system in China's modernization , labor costs continue to increase , while the deepening of the market economy and the increasing mobility associated with human resources , such as state-owned Bank for large enterprises, labor and employment remain in possession of employee groups a transformation ratio can reduce the economic impact of a certain extent .#p#分頁標題#e#
In addition the Bank as state-owned financial services organization whose core business involves the country's financial security and social trade secrets, so when the development of labor and employment , Bank initiative to distinguish their work , related to the country's financial security , related to its core products R & D and marketing approval, as well as related to risk control , and management functions of the positions held by full-time staff , related to the extension of financial services , financial services and other non- core business cooperation and routine transactional work can be performed by the labor and employment .
Labor and employment , known as personnel from the lease . Specifically refers to labor units work according to the actual needs and job requirements set by providing the necessary personnel to service agencies and related standard treatment cases, a series of recruitment by the labor organization , to elect qualified personnel, and screened through labor units determine the final candidates , then labor units signed a " dispatch agreement " with labor organizations , labor organizations signed with the selected workers ' labor contract . " By the labor organization will establish labor relations with their employees sent to labor units work , wage laborers , insurance and other services by the agency responsible for issuing .
Bank of labor and employment in the pay and protection of employees has significantly different from the formal setting . On remuneration , the Bank does not directly negotiate with the labor and employment , but agreed indirectly through labor agencies and selected workers signed the " labor contract ", the general level is lower than the full-time staff , and the Bank does not grant labor and employment formal various allowances staff obtained . In security, in addition to state regulations , labor and employment must obtain social security , but does not provide an additional supplementary insurance subsidies protection.
Bank of Communications was founded in 1908 ( Guangxu 30 years ) , is one of the four major banks early China , but also one of the early note-issuing banks in China . July 24, 1986 , as a pilot financial reform, the State Council approved the re-establishment of Bank of Communications . April 1, 1987 , after the re-establishment of the Bank officially opened , becoming China 's first nationwide state-owned joint-stock commercial banks, China is now one of the five large state-owned commercial banks .
Since the re-establishment of the Bank of Communications , the body double shoulder the historic mission , it is both a century of national financial brand 's successor, is the pioneer of China's financial reform . Bank to achieve reform and development in China's financial industry in the six " first", ie the first source of capital and property rights in the form of joint-stock ; first by market principles and cost - effective rules; first to break the financial industry business monopoly , introduce competition into the financial sector ; first introduction of asset liability management , and regulate business operations, to prevent operational risks ; 's first choice to establish a new type of two-way relationship between banks ; first be engaged in banking , insurance and securities business of integrated commercial banks. Bank reform and development practices for the development of Chinese joint-stock commercial banks opened the way for financial reform has played a catalytic , promote and exemplary role.#p#分頁標題#e#
Bank of Communications has national , institutional systems and business networks overseas. Branch layout covering economically developed areas, the economic center of the city and an international financial center . Currently , in addition to Tibet, Qinghai , the Bank has 29 provincial branches in the mainland provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, more than 190 cities in the country set up sales outlets in 2648 . Aspects of overseas institutions , Bank has branches in New York, Tokyo , Hong Kong, Singapore , Seoul, Macau , Frankfurt, London and Sydney offices . With more than 1,000 banks in 125 countries and regions established correspondent relationships. Bank employees 7.9 million people.
June 2004 , in the deepening of China's financial reform process, the State Council approved the Bank 's shareholding reform to deepen the overall program goal is to improve the Bank should accomplishing a corporate governance structure , capital adequacy , strict internal control , safe operation , service and the benefits are good , with strong international competitiveness and national brands centuries modern financial enterprises.
Through the reform , the Bank completed the financial restructuring , the successful introduction of HSBC, the Social Security Fund , the Central Huijin and other domestic and foreign strategic investors , and efforts to promote positive changes in institutional mechanisms . June 23, 2005 , the Bank successfully listed in Hong Kong , becoming the first mainland Chinese commercial bank listed overseas . Currently, the Bank has developed into a "development strategy clear, sound corporate governance , sound institutions network , advanced management , financial services, high-quality, financially sound ," the national brand with a century modern commercial banks.
Here it is necessary to emphasize that, as higher vocational institutions, the main building of digital resources is an ordinary teacher in the hospital at all levels of vocational stored in the repository (or use) of most teachers to produce their own resources. In response to this reality, digitized resources construction can not just blindly pursue performance results should be presented to the teaching content and teaching embodied in the design basis, and then from a technical point of view to consider how and technology to achieve the best performance results.
4 reasonable selection of media resource format type and location of information resources選擇合理的媒體資源格式類型和信息資源的位置
Digital resources in basic media material can be divided into five categories: text type material, graphics (image) class material, audio class material, video class material, animation clips. If the resources in the production process is not carefully selected material performance type, there may be a "volume" too big inconvenience to online play, rendering ineffective and other issues. In selecting specific media clip, you need to understand the properties of the material information, such as animation class material common file formats are GIF, SWF formats, but both are different. Is the most common animated GIF file format developed by multi-frame GIF image synthesis, SWF is based on Macromedia's Hockwave streaming technology animation format, with a small, powerful, interactive capabilities, and support multiple layers and time characteristics threads , but the player is required plug-ins. Forms of media should be possible to determine a good future attributes of each kind of media used in the extreme, such as text, put the font, size, color and other attributes fully utilized, the learner can play the role of effective messaging .#p#分頁標題#e#
According to the teaching applications and some characteristics of the resource itself, the type of digital teaching resources can be demo type, encyclopedias type, measurement type exercises, interactive, simulation type.
● Presentation type: teaching content in some form of media presented by a certain process.
● Encyclopedia type: also known as data type. Learners can find a lot of information from.
● Measurement drill type: Through a number of questions to measure the learner's ability and responsiveness.
● interactive: By setting the friendly people - machine interface, teachers and mutual communication, to receive information, you can make the learner in a good mental state for active learning and learner autonomy capabilities .
● Simulation Model: Using computer multimedia technology and network technology to simulate real-world scenarios and processes, and supports human-computer interaction.
● Experiment solving types: the use of computer information processing functions, the exact solution of the experimental data.
● Entertainment Learning: music and eager to learn, is the learner's interest as well. So that learners can learn in a pleasant atmosphere.
● Network Teaching type: through a computer network, living in different places so that learners can hear each other clear, visible and implement remote synchronization counseling, discussion, sharing of resources.
5 Open Source advocates for continuous improvement of resource development to preserve the original data開源倡導資源開發的不斷完善，以保留原始數據
Social progress, technology development, people's needs constantly changing, the education sector is no exception. For the complete digitization of resources may be used very well at this stage, but with the advances in technology, education and teaching philosophy of continuous development and progress of these resources in the near future may also need further improvement. Digitized resources construction, if blindly emphasized the outcome at this stage, while ignoring the preservation of the original data resources, will be detrimental to the future of digital resources improvements. Advocating open source, one can upgrade for future resource shortening cycle, we can use the repository to store the source files directly change; the other hand, open source means that other users (non-resource original author) has a different idea at the time , you can use according to their own design source files to produce new resources. Has PPT courseware for example, now Internet users in order to retain copyright, are used to convert PPT to PDF or FlashPaper courseware format to the repository, and if so, in the future, when the content has been adjusted, PPT courseware will need to re-create. Other resources such as Flash courseware and related graphics, image source files will greatly facilitate the preservation of resources for future upgrades.#p#分頁標題#e#
6 Develop criteria to build resource storage hardware and software platforms and applications制定標準，建立資源存儲硬件和軟件平臺和應用程序
Resources Sharing is actively promoted various universities at this stage, in order to achieve this, as a resource base development authority (school) must develop a scientific and reasonable technical standards, digital resources construction in accordance with this standard. Resource standards, by College Information Center (or Modern Education Technology Center) lead, organize various disciplines experts, IT specialists, reference to the relevant information standards, extensive research, develop a reasonable and feasible technical standards. Research should pay attention to the research object to have student groups, because the use of resources is the main target students.
Digital resources from the teaching standards, technical, artistic and interactive, and several other aspects, Table 1 is a teaching hospital resource evaluation criteria.
Finally, the sharing of resources without hardware system construction, to give full play to the value of the repository, deployed for resource storage servers and storage systems, improve the network construction is the foundation work. Hardware setting up the environment but also have a suitable resource storage and application management software platform, software platform can develop their own school, custom development or direct procurement, specifically in what way should be combined with the actual situation of specific schools, self-development cycle and the need to invest more in human resources, direct procurement cycle is short, but not necessarily be able to meet the needs of schools, school-enterprise cooperation custom development is a more eclectic approach. Hardware and software platform to build to pay attention to the latter part of the upgrade maintenance work, the hardware platform at least able to meet the expansion of storage space, the software platform in the application process will always encounter such problems, the need for technical support maintenance updates.
While not everyone working for income, but left the income, job loses source of power. Wages, benefits not only the appropriate remuneration of employees obtained , but also reflect the company's employees and the community is an important aspect of recognition is an important aspect of personal values ??embodied .
Bank of conversion from state-owned banks , big pot phenomenon redundant and distribution system still exists, the recent reform of the wage distribution of bonuses is to make labor and employment and contract labor treatment formed a big difference. Their salaries are base salary , bonuses ( labor and employment for the performance awards ) , social security , welfare constituted . Contract labor paid monthly Social Security payments equivalent to labor and employment base salary plus performance bonuses , and benefits such as high fees , transportation fees and other contract employees are more than four times the labor and employment . In this case, labor and employment will be difficult to return to their work to achieve a satisfactory degree , this universal dissatisfaction caused a strong flow of labor and employment situation turnover rate appears.#p#分頁標題#e#
Some state-owned enterprises due to lack of incentives , and not enough focus on labor and employment , making labor and employment is extremely dissatisfied with their jobs , if the opportunity to quit , resign , staff turnover is very serious . Therefore, the reward will be one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction with a direct result of the loss of a large number of labor and employment .
Service employees and employers usually do not sign labor contracts are generally long-term period of 1-2 years , mostly long-term labor contract may be a limit on them , affecting their normal flow , while more companies are unwilling to service employees to sign a long-term labor contracts. Because if the enterprise and service employees to sign a long-term labor contracts , companies have to pay more for their labor costs , which will affect the number of teams use contract employees . Because of this co- existence of instability , coupled with the employment of wage labor market supply and demand often under attack , so the labor and employment and other social welfare often do not care, they are more concerned with the immediate interests. Based on this, the labor and employment if a certain lack of existing incentives , will also be an important factor in causing a great loss of labor and employment .
When companies use a certain amount of service staff , will take into account the increase in the marginal benefit of an employee , that is, until the marginal benefit is zero, maximize revenue , companies will stop hiring . Due to the relative stability of the number of full-time staff to some extent taken the lion 's salary resources to enable companies to hire employees balance between supply and demand and marginal benefits between employment bias , in theory, companies have employees by strengthening labor under ( decrease under that does not reduce the workload of staff salaries and meet the needs of the labor situation of labor the number of employees ) or reduce the labor intensity of the work staff salary income ( ie, without reducing the workload does not reduce the number of employees in the case of labor , reduce labor staff salaries to meet revenue maximization ) . In fact , in both cases almost the same time.
Once the base by twisting the supply of labor remuneration of employees to meet demand and workload to maximize business efficiency , will inevitably lead to an imbalance between supply and demand of labor and employment . In today's market economy , the result of this imbalance is a direct result of the loss of labor and employment and labor supply shortage , staff development system from the perspective of the Bank of Communications , is the loss of the core competitiveness of reserves. From the point of view of individual employees , makes service employees form the inner feelings of a very uneven impact of the actual production inputs and efficiency , and always at the edge of leaving .#p#分頁標題#e#
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