留學(xué)生在正式開始Research Proposal寫作前，通常都需要做進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查，事先還需要設(shè)計詳細(xì)的問卷。如何設(shè)計出符合研究計劃內(nèi)容的問卷，調(diào)查結(jié)果又能完整體現(xiàn)研究問題，對于第一次制作問卷的學(xué)生而言是一件非常困難的事情，對此，小編就為大家整理了留學(xué)dissertation寫作前期問卷設(shè)計的具體方法和技巧。

 

 
A general introduction to the design of questionnaires for survey research

 

The basic process of survey research can be outlined as follows:

 

1. define your research aims

 

2. identify the population and sample

 

3. decide how to collect replies

 

4. design your questionnaire

 

5. run a pilot survey

 

6. carry out the main survey

 

7. analyse the data

 

調(diào)查研究的基本步驟包括以上七個方面。

 

A crucial part of good research design concerns making sure that the questionnaire design addresses the needs of the research.

 

其中關(guān)鍵在于問卷設(shè)計需滿足學(xué)術(shù)研究的需要。

 

Define Your Research Aims

 

Start your survey by setting down the aims for the survey. To define the aims for academic research you will need to review the relevant literature and you may need to do some preliminary research amongst your target subjects. Fulfilling these aims should then drive the design of your questionnaire and help select questions that are relevant, concise and efficient.

 

列出調(diào)查的目的。事先你需要閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，并預(yù)先在目標(biāo)對象中做一些調(diào)查。

 

Identify the Population and Sample

 

The population is simply all the members of the group that you are interested in. A key issue in choosing the sample relates to whether the members you have chosen are representative of the population. Often the sample is chosen randomly from a list that contains all the members of the population.

 

選取問卷抽查對象的關(guān)鍵在于這些人是否具有代表性。通?？梢詮娜丝诟鹘M成群體中隨機(jī)抽取一部分。

 

Decide How to Collect Replies

 

Decide whether the survey is to be completed by the respondent directly or through an interviewer, and design the questionnaire, and any other documents, accordingly. It is important in both circumstances to explain to the potential respondent why you believe they should answer the questions, doing so persuasively can improve response rate. Where the questionnaire is administered by post, or e-mail or some other indirect means, it is usual practice to provide a letter that explains what the questionnaire is about and why its completion is of value.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

決定收回問卷的方式，可以是當(dāng)面完成，也可以發(fā)送郵件或其他間接的方式，通常需要讓接受調(diào)查者了解調(diào)查的目的和用途。

 

Questionnaire Design

 

Design of the questionnaire can be split into three elements:

 

a) determine the questions to be asked,

 

b) select the question type for each question and specify the wording, and

 

c) design the question sequence and overall questionnaire layout.

 

問卷設(shè)計內(nèi)容包括以上三要素。

 

Decide on a Layout and Sequence

 

It is good practice to ensure that the questionnaire has a title and that the revision or date of the version is printed on the questionnaire. A brief introductory statement is useful, especially if the introductory letter could go adrift. Contact and return information should be included on the questionnaire. Similarly it is good practice to number or otherwise identify individual questions for reference purposes.

 

決定問卷的布局和順序。問卷應(yīng)該有一個標(biāo)題及日期等，還應(yīng)有簡要的介紹，回復(fù)信息等。每一張問卷上應(yīng)標(biāo)有編號。

 

Question Types

 

Different types of questions can be used, e.g. open vs. closed,single vs.multiple responses, ranking, and rating.

 

Many advise against using open-ended questions and advocate using closed questions. However, open questions can be useful. For example, the open question:

 

What do you think are the reasons for football hooliganism?

 

would elicit a whole range of replies of varying length and articulation.

 

問題類型包括開放式和封閉式，單項和多項選擇，排序和評級等。

 

Decide on Question Wording

 

Some general rules can be stated on question wording:

 

• Be concise and unambiguous

 

• Avoid double questions

 

• Avoid questions involving negatives

 

• Ask for precise answers

 

• Avoid leading questions

 

問卷語言應(yīng)注意上述問題。

 

Run a Pilot Survey

 

Test the questionnaire on a small sample of your subjects first. If this is not possible, at least test it on some colleagues or friends. The aim here is to detect any flaws in your questioning and correct these prior to the main survey. Having done your pilot survey, you can make amendments that will help to maximise your response rate and minimise your error rate on answers.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

先做一個小范圍的試驗調(diào)查，目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)問卷中的問題，并加以修改。

 

Carry Out the Main Survey

 

Identify Respondents and Keep Track of Status

 

A simple database is useful to keep track of when questionnaires were sent out and to whom.

 

Number Each Questionnaire

 

Each individual questionnaire must be uniquely identified by you, preferably before it is distributed or, to preserve anonymity, afterwards. This identification could be via a number, or letters and numbers.

 

Deliver the Questionnaire

 

Deadlines for distribution should have been decided earlier with allowances for sending out reminders or carrying out follow up calls.

 

開展正式調(diào)查。建立調(diào)查對象的數(shù)據(jù)庫，每張問卷需有編號，確定問卷調(diào)查的最后完成期限。

 

Analyse the Data

 

A precursor to analysis is the coding, entry and checking of data. In all instances data can either be entered direct or imported from other packages such as Excel, provided the instructions for the receiving package are adhered to.

 

數(shù)據(jù)分析，可直接輸入或借助計算機(jī)軟件。這是進(jìn)行研究前的關(guān)鍵一步。

 

以上就是關(guān)于留學(xué)dissertation寫作前期問卷的設(shè)計解析，需要做問卷調(diào)查的同學(xué)們可以根據(jù)上面的內(nèi)容去設(shè)計自己的問卷，想必就沒什么問題了。