MLA科研dissertation研究與寫作規范

 

在你的留學生涯中，根據國外大學的教學與要求，你需要寫了很多個人的文章，提出你的想法，感情和闡明觀點、意見，但你或許沒有充足的信息來源或想法。但是，一些科目和任務，需要你超越個人的知識和經驗。在你進行研究時，希望探索一種思想，探討一個問題，解決一個問題，或提出一個論點，迫使你向外界的幫助。然后，你必須尋求，調查，并使用超越我們的個人資源的材料。在科研dissertation中出現這樣的調查的結果和結論。科研dissertation描述了一個學生的演示文稿的學術的研究。這是留學生必須要適應融合應對的過程，無論是新環境的生活，還是學習上的思維模式、語言交流模式以及對新的思維與環境的融合，才能讓你的學業與生活跟得上學校的步伐。

 

MLA科研dissertation基本原則

 

1，架構必須清晰,表述必須清楚,邏輯必須合理,證據必須客觀,態度必須嚴謹,尊重他人的勞動和貢獻.

,2，設置研究標準,學術模式文,很準確地表達問題,研究方法要設置良好并很好地實施,數據假設要合理、有用, 促進知識.

,3，建議要精確、易理解、有說服力、語氣恰當.

研究性dissertation的寫作要求

(一)題名(Title,Topic)

題名即題目或標題。題名是用最恰當、最簡明的詞語反映dissertation中最重要的特定內容的邏輯組合。

dissertation題目是一篇dissertation給出的涉及dissertation范圍與水平的第一個重要信息，也是必須考慮到有助于選定關鍵詞不達意和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻可以提供檢索的特定實用信息。 dissertation題目十分重要，必須用心斟酌選定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句話：“dissertation題目是文章的一半”。 對dissertation題目的要求是：準確得體：簡短精煉：外延和內涵恰如其分：醒目。

(二)作者姓名和單位(Author and department)

這一項屬于dissertation署名問題。署名一是為了表明文責自負，二是記錄作用的勞動成果，三是便于讀者與作者的聯系及文獻檢索(作者索引)。大致分為二種情形，即：單個作者dissertation和多作者dissertation。后者按署名順序列為第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是堅持實事求是的態度，對研究工作與dissertation撰寫實際貢獻最大的列為第一作者，貢獻次之的，列為第二作者，余類推。注明作者所在單位同樣是為了便于讀者與作者的聯系。

(三)摘要(Abstract)

dissertation一般應有摘要，有些為了國際交流，還有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是dissertation內容不加注釋和評論的簡短陳述。其他用是不閱讀dissertation全文即能獲得必要的信息。 摘要應包含以下內容：#p#分頁標題#e#

①從事這一研究的目的和重要性;

②研究的主要內容，指明完成了哪些工作;

③獲得的基本結論和研究成果，突出dissertation的新見解;

④結論或結果的意義。

(四)關鍵詞(Key words)

關鍵詞屬于主題詞中的一類。主題詞除關鍵詞外，還包含有單元詞、標題詞的敘詞。

主題詞是用來描述文獻資料主題和給出檢索文獻資料的一種新型的情報檢索語言詞匯，正是由于它的出現和發展，才使得情報檢索計算機化(計算機檢索)成為可能。 主題詞是指以概念的特性關系來區分事物，用自然語言來表達，并且具有組配功能，用以準確顯示詞與詞之間的語義概念關系的動態性的詞或詞組。

注意事項

dissertation摘要之撰寫通常在整篇dissertation將近完稿期間開始，以期能包括所有之內容。但亦可提早寫作，然后視研究之進度作適當修改。有關dissertation摘要寫作時應注意下列事項：

(1).整理你的材料使其能在最小的空間下提供最大的信息面。

(2).用簡單而直接的句子。避免使用成語、俗語或不必要的技術性用語。

(3).請多位同僚閱讀并就其簡潔度與完整性提供意見。

(4).刪除無意義的或不必要的字眼。但亦不要矯枉過正，將應有之字眼過份刪除，如在英文中不應刪除必要之冠詞如a'' an'' the等。

(5).盡量少用縮寫字。在英文的情況較多，量度單位則應使用標準化者。特殊縮寫字使用時應另外加以定義。

(6).不要將在文章中未提過的數據放在摘要中。

(7).不要為擴充版面將不重要的敘述放入摘要中，即使摘要僅能以一兩句話概括，就讓維持這樣吧，切勿畫蛇添足。

(8).不要將文中之所有數據大量地列于摘要中，平均值與標準差或其它統計指標僅列其最重要的一項即可。

(9).不要置放圖或表于摘要之中，盡量采用文字敘述。

MLA科研dissertation裝訂規范

封面

目錄

摘要

Abstract

前言

正文

結論

致謝

參考文獻

畢業設計小結

附錄

封底

四、 參考文獻格式

序號、作者、書名（dissertation名）、出版社（期刊名）、出版時間（期刊時間）

注：完成1500字的外文文獻譯文

 

MLA科研dissertation英文敘述范例：

1Research and Writing

1.1THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF EXPLORATION

During your school career you have probably written many personal essays that presented your thoughts, feelings, and opinions and that did not refer to any other source of information or ideas. Some subjects and assignments, however, require us to go beyond our personal knowledge and experience. We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe an issue, solve a problem, or make an argument that compels us to turn to outside help. We then seek out, investigate, and use materials beyond our personal resources. The findings and conclusions of such an inquiry appear in the research paper. The term research paper describes a presentation of student research that may be in a printed, an electronic, or a multimedia format.#p#分頁標題#e#

The research paper is generally based on primary research, secondary research, or a combination of the two. Primary research is the study of a subject through firsthand observation and investigation, such as analyzing a literary or historical text, a film, or a performance; conducting a survey or an interview; or carrying out a laboratory experiment. Primary sources include statistical data, historical documents, and works of literature or art. Secondary research is the examination of studies that other researchers have made of a subject. Examples of secondary sources are books and articles about political issues, historical events, scientific debates, or literary works.

Most academic papers depend at least partly on secondary research. No matter what your subject of study, learning to investigate, review, and productively use information, ideas, and opinions of other researchers will play a major role in your development as a student. The sorts of activities that constitute a research paper—identifying, locating, assessing, and assimilating others' research and then developing and expressing your own ideas clearly and persuasively—are at the center of the educational experience.

These skills are by no means just academic. Like the research papers you write in school, many reports and proposals required in business, government, and other professions rely on secondary research. Learning how to write a research paper, then, can help prepare you for assignments in your professional career. It is difficult to think of any profession that would not require you to consult sources of information about a specific subject, to combine this information with your ideas, and to present your thoughts, findings, and conclusions effectively.

Research increases your knowledge and understanding of a subject. Sometimes research will confirm your ideas and opinions; sometimes it will challenge and modify them. But almost always it will help to shape your thinking. Unless your instructor specifically directs you otherwise, a research paper should not merely review publications and extract a series of quotations from them. Rather, you should look for sources that provide new information, that helpfully survey the various positions already taken on a specific subject, that lend authority to your viewpoint, that expand or nuance your ideas, that offer methods or modes of thought you can apply to new data or subjects, or that furnish negative examples against which you wish to argue. As you use and scrupulously acknowledge sources, however, always remember that the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject.

A book like this cannot present all the profitable ways of doing research. Because this handbook emphasizes the mechanics of preparing effective papers, it may give you the mistaken impression that the process of researching and writing a research paper follows a fixed pattern. The truth is that different paths can and do lead to successful research papers. Some researchers may pursue a more or less standard sequence of steps, but others may find themselves working less sequentially. In addition, certain projects lend themselves to a standard approach, whereas others may call for different strategies. Keeping in mind that researchers and projects differ, this book discusses activities that nearly all writers of research papers perform, such as selecting a suitable topic, conducting research, compiling a working bibliography, taking notes, outlining, and preparing the paper.#p#分頁標題#e#

If you are writing your first research paper, you may feel overwhelmed by the many tasks discussed here. This handbook is designed to help you learn to manage a complex process efficiently. As you follow the book's advice on how to locate and document sources, how to format your paper, and so forth, you may be tempted to see doing a paper as a mechanical exercise. Actually, a research paper is an adventure, an intellectual adventure rather like solving a mystery: it is a form of exploration that leads to discoveries that are new—at least to you if not to others. The mechanics of the research paper, important though they are, should never override the intellectual challenge of pursuing a question that interests you. This quest or search should guide your research and your writing. Even though you are just learning how to prepare a research paper, you may still experience some of the excitement of pursuing and developing ideas that is one of the great satisfactions of research, and scholarship.

1.2THE RESEARCH PAPER AS A FORM OF WRITING

A research paper is a form of written communication. Like other kinds of nonfiction writing—letters, memos, reports, essays, articles, books — it should present information and ideas clearly and effectively. You should not let the mechanics of gathering source materials, taking notes, and documenting sources make you forget to apply the knowledge and skills you have acquired through previous writing experiences.

This handbook is not about expository writing. (See 1.12 for a selected list of useful books on composition, usage, language, and style.) It is, instead, a guide for the preparation of research papers. No set of conventions for preparing a manuscript can replace lively and intelligent writing, however, and no amount of research and documentation can compensate for a poor presentation of ideas. Although you must fully document the facts and opinions you draw from your research.