英語(yǔ)dissertation題目：外語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)dissertation備選題目

一. 法律英語(yǔ)
1. Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning
2. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English
3. Linguistic Features of Legal English
4. Legal English Vocabulary Teaching
5. On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles
6. Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms
7. Relationship between Culture and Law
8. Characteristics of Legal Terms
9. Functions of Languages in Legislation
10. Skills of Expression in Legislative Language
11. Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language
12. Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English
13. A Glimpse of the Common Law from the Different Expressions of a “Lawyer”
14. The Difference Between the Legal Theory and its Translation
15. An Approach to Legal Language
16. The Characteristics of Legal Translation
17. Similar Elements between Torts of Law and Criminal Law from the Perspective of a Case Study
18. Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.
19. Principles of Legal English Translation
20. Abbreviations in Legal English
21. Semantic Differences in Legal English Translation
22. Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translation
23. Differences between Chinese and English Legal Lexicons
24. Transitional Words in Legal English
25. Context in Legal English Translation
26. Preciseness of Legal English
27. Ambiguity in Legal English
28. Discussion on the Translation of Commonly-used Sentence Patterns
29. Characteristics and the Functional Orientation of Legal Texts
30. Parataxis VS. Hypostasis in Legal Chinese and Legal English
31. The Usage of the Model Verbs “shall” and “should” in Legal English法律語(yǔ)言中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall, should的用法
32. The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律語(yǔ)言模糊性詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用
33. The Comparison Between the Chinese and English Compound Sentence Structures英漢法律語(yǔ)句中復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比
34. The Vocabulary Vacancy in Legal English Translation法律翻譯中的詞語(yǔ)空缺
35. The Translatability and Untranslatability of the Words in Legal English英語(yǔ)法律詞語(yǔ)/語(yǔ)言的可譯性和不可譯性
36. On the Characteristics of Legal English Language法律語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)
37. The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英漢法律語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)差異
38. The Features of the Legislative Language立法/司法語(yǔ)言的特征
39. The Features of the Judicial Language

二. 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)
40. The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
試dissertation化因素對(duì)經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域中習(xí)語(yǔ)翻譯的影響
41. Commercial English: its characteristics and translation經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)與翻譯
42. The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English & its Translation英語(yǔ)經(jīng)貿(mào)契約的用詞特點(diǎn)與翻譯
43. On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英語(yǔ)經(jīng)貿(mào)契約介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)的用法及翻譯
44. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英語(yǔ)經(jīng)貿(mào)契約分隔現(xiàn)象的理解與翻譯
45. Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語(yǔ)詞法特征及其翻譯
46. Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商務(wù)合同英語(yǔ)用詞特點(diǎn)及翻譯的特色標(biāo)記
47. The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯的特點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)狀
48. On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement談商業(yè)廣告的翻譯
49. On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation淺議經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯中語(yǔ)境因素的作用
50. On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs試論經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
51. Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的翻譯特點(diǎn)
52. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英語(yǔ)經(jīng)貿(mào)契約分隔現(xiàn)象的理解與翻譯
53. On Abbreviations in Business English談經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)中的縮略語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象
54. On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English論經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)誤譯的對(duì)策
55. Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯的多視角
56. A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)中主要職務(wù)用詞的分類與翻譯
57. The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)中含有"錢(qián)款"意義詞匯的分類及翻譯
58. A Brief analysis on the Characteristics of Business English Vocabulary淺議經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)詞匯的特點(diǎn)
59. Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯的詞義選擇
60. On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English Vocabulary論經(jīng)濟(jì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)匯的多學(xué)科性
61. On the Features of Business English Letters淺談外經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)信函的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)
62. Adjusting the Tone in International Business English經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)緩和口吻表達(dá)方法探究
63. The Stylistic Features of the Contract English協(xié)議、合同英語(yǔ)的文體特點(diǎn)
64. On Translation of English Advertisement廣告英語(yǔ)的翻譯
65. Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的廣告英語(yǔ)翻譯#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
66. On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略談外經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)中的名詞修飾語(yǔ)
67. On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts經(jīng)貿(mào)契約中日期、金額和數(shù)字的翻譯
68. Translating Strategy of Modern Business English現(xiàn)代商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略
69.  The New Trend of Economy & Trade English after China's Entry into WTO經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)在中國(guó)加入WTO后的新趨勢(shì)
70.  Knowledge of Formulaic Expressions in Foreign Economic and Trade Contracts for the Study of Legal English了解涉外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同套語(yǔ)掃除法律英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)障礙
71. The Principle of Faithfulness in C-E Business Translation關(guān)于英漢經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯的"信"
72. Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商標(biāo)翻譯的方法及應(yīng)遵循的基本原則
73. The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements廣告英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及其翻譯策略
74. A Study of the Characteristics of Sentences in International Economic Trade Contracts in English試談?dòng)⑽膰?guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合同的句法特點(diǎn)
75. How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正確理解和翻譯經(jīng)貿(mào)契約中Here,There-和Where構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞
76. he Life of the Translation of the Literature of Economy and Trade—— Accuracy in the Translation經(jīng)貿(mào)文體翻譯之生命——準(zhǔn)確性
77. On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English淺析廣告英語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn)和翻譯方法
78. On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中的隱喻及其翻譯
79. On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)翻譯的"忠實(shí)"與"變通"
80. The Strategies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation廣告英語(yǔ)翻譯的"歸化"和""異化"策略
81. Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英語(yǔ)廣告翻譯中的跨文化、跨語(yǔ)言因素
82. Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函中的應(yīng)用和翻譯
83.  On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English論廣告英語(yǔ)的修辭藝術(shù)和翻譯方法
84. The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing論模糊語(yǔ)言在經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的作用
85. The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication
86. CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation
87. On the Cliché Expressions in Business English商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中陳詞腐語(yǔ)探析
88. Hypotaxis and Parataxis in the Context of English to Chinese Translation of Business Literature商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中形合義合分析#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
89. On the Preciseness of Business English Contracts論商務(wù)英文合同語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性
90. How to Achieve Consideration in Business Correspondence實(shí)現(xiàn)商務(wù)函電中“consideration”的手段
91. A Research into the Legalese in Applied Business Literature商務(wù)英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文中的法制性語(yǔ)言研究
92. On the Balance between Conversational English and Old-fashioned English“conversational English”與“old-fashioned English”的恰當(dāng)使用
93. Features of Foreign Trade English and its Translation Model外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)與翻譯模式
94. An Analysis of the Rhetorical Devices used in English Business Advertisements商務(wù)英語(yǔ)廣告語(yǔ)言修辭探析
95. On the Translation of Trademarks商務(wù)英語(yǔ)商標(biāo)翻譯技巧
96. Business English Abbreviations and their Functions商務(wù)英文縮略語(yǔ)構(gòu)成及功能
97. On the Application of the Politeness Principle in Foreign Trade Correspondence“禮貌”在函電中的恰當(dāng)使用
98. Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企業(yè)外宣資料漢英翻譯原則
99. English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英語(yǔ)商標(biāo)的漢譯原則及策略
100. The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英漢廣告中的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)及其英漢互譯
101. The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同長(zhǎng)句的語(yǔ)用分析及翻譯策略
102. Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差異對(duì)商務(wù)漢英翻譯的影響
103. On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的文化信息等值研究

三. 翻譯理論與實(shí)踐
104. Gu Hongming: A Pioneer of Translating the Chinese Classics into English
105. On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation
106. Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability
107. Translating and the Background Information
108. A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating
109. Translating the English Plural Nouns into Chinese
110. Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese
111. On Translating English Book Titles into Chinese
112. Views on the Chinese Version of Emma
113. The Chinese Version of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation
114. Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby
115. A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice
116. A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales
117. On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
118. Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry
119. Common Errors in Translation: An Analysis
120. English Idioms and the Translation
121. How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating
122. The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture
123. On Poem Translation
124. The Appropriateness and Comparison of Poem Translation
125. The Character of Title and Translation
126. The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
127. English and Chinese Comparison and Translation
128. On the Faithfulness in Translation
129. On Literal Translation and Free Translation
130. Translation for EST
131. On Translation Methods of Numerals in Chinese and English
132. On the Du Fu’s Poems Translation
133. The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
134. Loyalty in Translation
135. Cultural Equivalence in Translation
136. Onomatopoeia and its Translation
137. On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation
138. Remarks on the Translation of Chinese Set-Phrase
139. What is an Ideal Translation?
140. A Brief Comparison Between Two Basic Translation Methods—Literal Translation and Free Translation
141. Elementary Comment on Literal Translation and Free Translation
142. Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation
143. Arts in Verse Translation
144. On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese
145. A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing
146. Review on the Translation of Movie Titles
147. Features and Translation of Idioms
148. The Translation of Long Sentences
149. Literature Translation and the Importance of it
150. Problems Arising in Idiom Translation Caused by Culture Discussion and My Attempt at Dealing with these Problems
151. The Application of Semiotic Approach in Translation
152. Language, Culture and Translation—the Influence of Cultures on Translation and Communication
153. A Brief Study on English Antonyms
154. Translation — An Unsubstitutable Means of English Teaching
155. On the Translation of Advertisement and Brand Name
156. On the Translation of Film Names
157. Discourse Analysis of the Dialogues in Films
158. On Cultural Impact on Translation of Idioms
159. The Variation of Maxims and the Humor of Advertisement
160. A Study of Dialect in View of Social and Literary Contexts
161. On Translating English Negative Sentence into Chinese
162. How to Get Poetic Flavor in Translation
163. Comparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses
164. Translation of Chinese Brand into English#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
165. Analysis on Two English Versions of Honglou Meng in Terms of Literal Translation and Free Translation

四. 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)
166. Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages
167. Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts
168. Lexical Cohesion in English
169. On English Oration as a Variety of Language
170. The Polite Language in the English Language
171. Reflection on the English Taboo Word
172. Remarks on Modern American Slang
173. The Different Usage of American Folk Language and Modern American Language
174. An Account of Advertising Language
175. Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News
176. News Headlines: Their Features and Style
177. Stylistic Features of News Reporting
178. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Body Languages
179. Note on Ambiguity of English Language
180. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Proverbs
181. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms
182. On Commonization of Proper Nouns in English
183. Noun-Verb Conversion in Contemporary English
184. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases
185. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions
186. On the English Verbal Fillers
187. On the English Negative Sentences
188. On the English Verbless Sentences
189. On Simplification of English Sentences
190. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Existential Sentences
191. Positions of Attributes and Adverbials in English and Chinese: A Comparative Study
192. Studies in English Sentences of Implied Condition
193. Tentative Study of Syllepsis in English
194. The Way of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English
195. On the Revival of Dead Metaphor
196. My Study on Complimenting
197. An Exploration of Body Language
198. The Linguistic Characteristics of Advertising English
199. A Survey on Loan Words of English
200. Death Metaphors in English
201. The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition
202. The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types

五. 語(yǔ)言與文化
203. Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms
204. The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America
205. The Cults in Modern American Society
206. Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language
207. Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication
208. Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication
209. Body Language Functions in Cultures
210. Exotic Cultures Influence on English Vocabulary
211. The Future Emergence of Chinese English#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
212. Differences Between American and English on Lexis
213. Similarities and Differences in the Connotation of Animal Words in English
214. The Comparison of Culture and Language Between Chinese and English
215. Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words
216. An Informal Discussion on Vocabulary’s Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English
217. A Study on Animal Metaphors in English and Chinese
218. Body Language in Nonverbal Communication
219. The Obstacle of Intercultural Communication
220. Comparison between Chinese Collectivism and American Individualism in Oral Speaking
221. A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages
222. The Discrepancy of Chinese and Western Culture in Advertisement
223. General Features of Language in Postmodern Culture
224. On the Cultural Implications of Body Language
225. On Dissimilation and Assimilation in Terms of Culture
226. Connotation of Animal Words in Chinese and English Idioms
227. A Brief Comment on Discourse Hegemony of American Media

六. 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)
228. The Application of the Theory of Pragmatics
229. The Application of the Theory of Discourse Analysis
230. Teaching Grammar within a Communicative Framework
231. A Study on the Direct-Spelling Method
232. The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension
233. Body Language in English Teaching
234. The Diversification of English Language Teaching
235. The Present Situation of Bilingual Education
236. Some Designs on English Learning
237. Creating Learning Environments
238. Collaborative Learning: Group Work
239. How Group Work Helps to Teach English Well
240. Motivation for English Teaching
241. The Activities Used to Improve the English Teaching Class
242. A Balanced Activities Approach in Communicative Foreign Language Teaching
243. On Communicative Way in Grammar Teaching
244. Culture Education in School English Teaching
245. Consideration on Bilingual Teaching
246. The English Teaching Based on Multimedia
247. Culture Lead-in in English Teaching
248. The Factors Affecting on Teaching a Language and Relevant Teaching Methods
249. How to Improve Students’ Listening Abilities
250. Communicative Language Teaching and the Teaching in English Class
251. How to Learn English Vocabulary Effectively
252. On English Writing
253. The Social Psychological Factors of Foreign Language Learning
254. The Practice of English Class Teaching
255. On Pair Work and Group Work and Their Use in English Language Teaching#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
256. Cultural Difference and English Teaching
257. International Communication College Culture and Education
258. Initiation and Situation in English Learning Motivation
259. Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching
260. On the Merit and Application of Computer-assisted Instruction
261. Multiple Intelligence Theory and Language Teaching-Considering Student-Countered
262. Communicative Competence and Focused Task-based Teaching Approach
263. On Developing English Reading Skills
264. Interaction in Oral English Teaching
265. Improvement of Students' Oral Communicative Competence and Interactivity in Class Performance
266. The Application of Schemata in the Teaching of Reading Comprehension
267. Role-play in English Teaching
268. Teaching English in English
269. Communicative Language Teaching and Classroom English Teaching in China
270. A Conceptual Discussion on Classroom Teamwork Strategy
271. Obstacles in Listening Comprehension and the Ways to Remove them
272. On Sino—Western Cultural Differences and the Structure of Chinese College students' Chinglish
273. The Conversion and Development of English Teaching Methods in China
274. Remarks on the Factors Influencing the Individual Language Learners
275. English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching
276. The Non-intelligence Factors in English Learning
277. The Use of Instructional Technology in English Listening Teaching
278. On Art of Teacher Talk
279. Culture Education in English Teaching
280. The Principles and Methods of Spoken English Teaching
281. How to Improve the Teaching of Listening and Speaking by Activities
282. On Approaches to Improving Vocabulary Instruction
283. Using Task-based Method and Internet Resource to Improve Teaching of Classroom Reading
284. The Study of English Vocabulary Learning Strategies

七. 英美文學(xué)研究
285. A Brief Comment on Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice
286. Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist
287. Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language
288. On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times
289. Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects
290. An Character Analysis of the Heroine of Emma
291. The High Class as Seen in Thacheray’s Vanity Fair
292. From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels
293. Remarks on D.H.Lawrence’s Psychological Analyses
294. Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake
295. Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature
296. The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
297. Social Significance as Reflected in The Great Gatsby
298. A Critical Study of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily: Its Narrative Techniques and Structure
299. Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style
300. Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry
301. An Analysis of Several Robert Frost’s Famous Poems
302. Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays
303. The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman
304. A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry
305. A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry
306. Mrs. Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese
307. The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
308. Mark Twain and Huck Finn
309. Love Stories in William Cather’s O Pioneers
310. An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Annabel Lee
311. Heroism in Hemingway’s Works
312. The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha
313. On Wordsworth’s View of Nature
314. On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow
315. Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote
316. On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl
317. The Brief Analysis of Shakespeare’s Tragedy Tradition
318. The Versification of English Poetry and Metrical
319. Contrast Between Chinese Poetry and Sonnets
320. Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind
321. Hamlet and His Delay
322. The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea
323. On the Bronte Sisters and theirs Writings
324. Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights
325. The Character of Hamlet
326. The Analysis of Santiago’s Character
327. The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt
328. The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea
329. Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World
330. A New Industry Raising From the Horizon
331. Blind Loyalty and Tragic Destiny
332. Rebecca’s Character Description
333. Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County
334. Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire
335. A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry
336. The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
337. A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror
338. To Foster an Earthy Rainbow
339. Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women
340. Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes
341. The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poems
342. Comment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
343. Comparison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem
344. Satire in Catch—22
345. Morals Affect Tess’ Fate
346. Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess
347. On the Endings and Features of O • Henry's Short Stories
348. Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven
349. A Brief Approach to the Influence of the Religion on Literature
350. A Study on the Characterization of Great Expectations
351. The Attractions of The Waste Land
352. On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin
353. Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration
354. The Death of Martin Eden
355. Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice
356. The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream
357. The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing
358. Egdon Heath in The Return of Native
359. The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath
360. A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden
361. The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character
362. On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca
363. Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son
364. Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature
365. The Superman Complex in Love of Life

1、語(yǔ)言交際過(guò)程分為哪幾個(gè)階段？請(qǐng)舉例具體說(shuō)明。人類語(yǔ)言交際的過(guò)程，實(shí)際上就是信息的傳遞與接受問(wèn)題，可分為編碼、發(fā)送、傳遞、接收、解碼五個(gè)階段。編碼就是發(fā)話人利用詞語(yǔ)組織語(yǔ)句，發(fā)送就是把思維成果變成話語(yǔ)通過(guò)發(fā)音器官表達(dá)出來(lái)，傳遞就是通過(guò)空氣振動(dòng)成聲波，把話語(yǔ)傳達(dá)給受話人，接收是受話人利用聽(tīng)覺(jué)器官感知對(duì)方所說(shuō)的話，解碼則是經(jīng)過(guò)大腦把聲波還原成語(yǔ)言，理解對(duì)方話語(yǔ)的含義，從而完成信息傳遞接受。如果受話人收到語(yǔ)言信息有所反饋，那么上述五個(gè)階段則又重復(fù)一遍，只是發(fā)話人與受話人調(diào)換了。
2、“語(yǔ)言學(xué)既是一門(mén)古老的學(xué)科，又是一門(mén)年輕的學(xué)科；既與社會(huì)科學(xué)有密切的聯(lián)系，又與自然科學(xué)有密切的聯(lián)系。”怎樣理解這句話的含義？語(yǔ)言是伴隨著人類一起出現(xiàn)的，是人類社會(huì)生活必不可少的，所以人類很早就注意到語(yǔ)言的重要性，很早就注意研究語(yǔ)言，所以語(yǔ)言學(xué)是古老的，但語(yǔ)言學(xué)直到18世紀(jì)下半葉，產(chǎn)生了歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)，后來(lái)又建立了語(yǔ)言學(xué)的各個(gè)部門(mén)，語(yǔ)言研究才發(fā)展成為一門(mén)獨(dú)立的學(xué)科，同其它學(xué)科相比，語(yǔ)言學(xué)的確是十分年輕的。語(yǔ)言社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，與社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、歷史密切相關(guān)，而語(yǔ)言的發(fā)生又與物理、生理、心理等學(xué)科密切相關(guān)，而現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言的信息處理（如機(jī)器翻譯、語(yǔ)碼轉(zhuǎn)換等），又涉及到數(shù)學(xué)、計(jì)算器科學(xué)，所以語(yǔ)言與社會(huì)科學(xué)有密切聯(lián)系，又與自然科學(xué)有密切聯(lián)系。正因?yàn)槿绱耍S著語(yǔ)言學(xué)與別的學(xué)科的交融，又產(chǎn)生了許多語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支學(xué)科，如社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)、話語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)等，這些也體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言學(xué)是一門(mén)年輕的學(xué)科。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
3、為什么說(shuō)歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)在語(yǔ)言學(xué)史上具有重要地位？歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)從前又稱比較語(yǔ)法，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言親屬關(guān)系的比較研究語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展規(guī)律，擬測(cè)它們的共同母語(yǔ)。歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)是在19世紀(jì)逐步發(fā)展和完善的，主要是印歐語(yǔ)系的歷史比較，19世紀(jì)之前，這種研究不是沒(méi)有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世紀(jì)才進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的研究，并使語(yǔ)言學(xué)走上獨(dú)立發(fā)展的道路。19世紀(jì)歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)家為語(yǔ)言學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。他們收集了豐富的語(yǔ)言材料，進(jìn)行了廣泛深入的調(diào)查和比較，不僅提出了人類語(yǔ)言演變過(guò)程的假設(shè)，畫(huà)出了世界語(yǔ)言的譜系，而且還創(chuàng)造出比較科學(xué)的研究方法，提出了有關(guān)語(yǔ)言起源、語(yǔ)言本質(zhì)的新理論，為后來(lái)結(jié)構(gòu)主義和描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。
4、歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)的代表人物有哪些？19世紀(jì)歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)在理論和方法上大致可以分為三個(gè)階段：在初始階段，丹麥的拉斯克、德國(guó)的格里姆和葆撲被成為歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)的奠基者。19世紀(jì)中期，歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)發(fā)展到第二階段，最有代表性的人物是德國(guó)的施萊歇爾。19世紀(jì)的最后25年是歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)的“新語(yǔ)法學(xué)派”時(shí)期。這個(gè)學(xué)派的代表人物是德國(guó)的奧斯特霍夫和布魯克曼，他們?cè)谧约簞?chuàng)辦的刊物《形態(tài)學(xué)研究》上正式宣布：語(yǔ)音的演變規(guī)律不允許任何例外。
5、語(yǔ)言學(xué)的流派1、歷史比較語(yǔ)言學(xué)，奠基人：丹麥的拉斯克、德國(guó)的格里姆和葆撲；2、結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)言學(xué)，包括布拉格學(xué)派、哥本哈根學(xué)派、美國(guó)描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言學(xué)派；3、轉(zhuǎn)換生成學(xué)派；4、系統(tǒng)功能學(xué)派；5、社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)派。
6、主要的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家及其代表作 索緒爾（瑞士）《普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》被稱為現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)之父。布龍菲爾德（美國(guó)）《語(yǔ)言論》是美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)的奠基性著作。特魯貝茨科依（俄國(guó)）《音位學(xué)原理》是布拉格學(xué)派的杰出代表。喬姆斯基（美國(guó)）《句法結(jié)構(gòu)》是轉(zhuǎn)換生成學(xué)派的代表。高本漢（瑞典）《中國(guó)音韻學(xué)研究》。韓禮徳（英國(guó)）《功能語(yǔ)法導(dǎo)論》系統(tǒng)功能學(xué)派代表。拉波天（美國(guó)）〈語(yǔ)言演變理論的經(jīng)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)〉社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)代表。趙元任（中國(guó)）〈現(xiàn)代吳語(yǔ)的研究〉〈音位標(biāo)音法的多能性〉。葉爾姆斯列夫(丹麥）《語(yǔ)言理論導(dǎo)論》哥本哈根學(xué)派代表
7、什么是語(yǔ)言？什么是說(shuō)話？語(yǔ)言是音義結(jié)合的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)，人類最重要的交際工具和思維工具。說(shuō)話是人們運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言工具跟人們交流思想的行為。
8、語(yǔ)言和說(shuō)話的關(guān)系 要弄清楚“什么是語(yǔ)言”的問(wèn)題，首先要弄清楚的是，語(yǔ)言和說(shuō)話不是一回事。語(yǔ)言不等于說(shuō)話，也不等于說(shuō)出來(lái)的話。說(shuō)話是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言跟人們交流思想的行為，本身不等于語(yǔ)言。但是，另一方面，語(yǔ)言的存在又必須以說(shuō)話為前提，一個(gè)人如果長(zhǎng)期生活在孤島上，沒(méi)有說(shuō)話的需要，不跟人交談，他就會(huì)失去語(yǔ)言能力。如劉連仁的例子。這件事告訴我們語(yǔ)言與說(shuō)話的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別：語(yǔ)言好象是一種工具，需要人去用，不用就會(huì)“生銹”，就會(huì)“退化”。而說(shuō)話則是人們運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言工具跟人們交流思想的行為，說(shuō)出來(lái)的話是這種行為“生產(chǎn)”出來(lái)的“產(chǎn)品”，是為了適應(yīng)他人的需要而存在的，沒(méi)有這種需要，人們就會(huì)喪失說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)言能力，這就是等于說(shuō)：語(yǔ)言不等于說(shuō)話，也不等于說(shuō)出來(lái)的話。那么，什么是語(yǔ)言？它在哪兒？回答是：語(yǔ)言存在于說(shuō)話之中，人們可以從所說(shuō)的話中找出語(yǔ)言來(lái)。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
9、語(yǔ)言的作用是？語(yǔ)言是人類社會(huì)的交際工具。每個(gè)社會(huì)，無(wú)論它是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)，還是經(jīng)濟(jì)十分落后的社會(huì)，都必須有自己的語(yǔ)言，都離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言這個(gè)交際工具，語(yǔ)言是組成社會(huì)必不可少的一個(gè)因素，是人類與動(dòng)物相區(qū)別的重要特征之一。語(yǔ)言是聯(lián)系社會(huì)成員的橋梁和紐帶，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言，人類無(wú)法交際，人與人之間的聯(lián)系就會(huì)中斷，社會(huì)就會(huì)崩潰，不復(fù)存在。
10、為什么說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是人類最重要的交際工具？人們?cè)谶M(jìn)行社會(huì)交際的時(shí)候，除了運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言傳遞信息外，也可以借助其他手段傳遞信息，表達(dá)思想。比如運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上，籃球教練用手勢(shì)表示誰(shuí)犯規(guī)、誰(shuí)發(fā)球等內(nèi)容，不用語(yǔ)言；部隊(duì)用長(zhǎng)短不同的號(hào)聲表示起床、集合、沖鋒、撤退等信息；在海上，船與船之間用旗語(yǔ)傳遞信息等等。但是，這些工具遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用那樣便捷，而且使用也受到限制，使用范圍有限，更為重要的是，無(wú)論是什么交際工具，它所傳遞的信息內(nèi)容都是有限的，而且離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)，它們實(shí)際上是在一定范圍代替語(yǔ)言，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言的存在，也不可能有這些信息手段的產(chǎn)生，可以說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言是一切交際工具的基礎(chǔ)。因此，說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是人類最重要的交際工具，就毫不奇怪了。
11、思維是在表象、概念的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行分析綜合、判斷、推理等認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的過(guò)程，是人類社會(huì)特有的一種精神文明建設(shè)活動(dòng)。
12、兩個(gè)人在爭(zhēng)論語(yǔ)言和思維的關(guān)系，一個(gè)人說(shuō)先有語(yǔ)言，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是思維工具，沒(méi)有這個(gè)工具就無(wú)法思維；一個(gè)人說(shuō)先有思維，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)句是思維的成果，沒(méi)有思維，人們無(wú)法把散沙一樣的詞語(yǔ)組合成句。你認(rèn)為誰(shuí)的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)呢？?jī)蓚€(gè)人的話看似有理，由于割裂了語(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系，所以都是無(wú)理的，都是片面的。首先，語(yǔ)言和思維是互相依存的，各以對(duì)方為存在的條件；語(yǔ)言是思維的工具，語(yǔ)言離不開(kāi)思維，思維也不能脫離語(yǔ)言；如果沒(méi)有思維，沒(méi)有思想，人際之間的交流，無(wú)從談起，語(yǔ)言的存在也失去了任何意義。其次，語(yǔ)言和思維的發(fā)展程度是相互適應(yīng)的，是一致的；有什么樣的思維水平，就有什么樣的語(yǔ)言水平，有什么樣的語(yǔ)言水平，就有什么樣的思維水平，不可能一個(gè)社會(huì)發(fā)展到語(yǔ)言和思維脫節(jié)的地步，語(yǔ)言水平很高且思維水平很低，或思維水平很高而語(yǔ)言水平很低，這都是不可想象的，也是不可能的。
13、每個(gè)人說(shuō)話都是自由的，但不能把“我看書(shū)”說(shuō)成“書(shū)看我”，不能把“huó（活）”，這是為什么？雖然每個(gè)人說(shuō)話是自由的，可以根據(jù)需要選擇不同的詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的思想，但是有一點(diǎn)則是大家都必須遵守的，那就是運(yùn)用詞語(yǔ)組成句子，必須遵守全社會(huì)統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則，選擇什么樣的語(yǔ)音形式代表某個(gè)意義，也得全社會(huì)約定俗成，不能個(gè)人任意更改。否則，語(yǔ)言就不能成為交際工具了，別人無(wú)法聽(tīng)懂你的話，社會(huì)將亂成一鍋粥了。只要想象一下，一個(gè)不會(huì)外語(yǔ)的人到國(guó)外生活所遇到的窘迫尷尬，就知道遵循原則的重要性了。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
14、任何一種語(yǔ)言所包含的句子的數(shù)量都是有限的，那么人類為什么能在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握語(yǔ)言呢？這主要是因?yàn)椋海?）詞語(yǔ)的組合規(guī)則是十分有限的，掌握了一個(gè)規(guī)則，可以推出無(wú)限多的句子，例如學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)“我吃飯”，掌握了“主——謂——賓”這個(gè)格式，就可以制造出“我看報(bào)”、“他打球”之類的句子來(lái)。（2）語(yǔ)言中的詞表達(dá)的意義具有概括性，數(shù)量是有限的，一個(gè)詞可以重復(fù)使用，可以用在這個(gè)句子中，也可以用在那個(gè)句子中，從而滿足人們交際的需要，所以語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)中的句子是無(wú)窮的，但構(gòu)成句子的材料卻是有限的，這也有利于人們學(xué)習(xí)掌握語(yǔ)言。例如“人”這個(gè)詞，并不指哪一個(gè)具體的人，可以指古今中外所有的人。“蘋(píng)果”可以指色彩、味道、形狀各方面不同的蘋(píng)果。
15、人類語(yǔ)言能力是天生的還是后天學(xué)會(huì)的，為什么？人類的語(yǔ)言能力是后天獲得的。語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，一個(gè)人只有生活在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境中，才能獲得語(yǔ)言，具備語(yǔ)言能力，離開(kāi)了社會(huì)，哪怕他是一個(gè)天才，他也不會(huì)說(shuō)話。如果一個(gè)人先天就具備有語(yǔ)言能力，那么就應(yīng)該是所有人都說(shuō)相同的語(yǔ)言才是，而實(shí)際上是一個(gè)人出生在什么樣的社會(huì)，就掌握什么樣的語(yǔ)言；中國(guó)孩子從小生活在中國(guó)，就會(huì)說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)，而不會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，如果從小在英國(guó)長(zhǎng)大，則只會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，不會(huì)說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。由此可見(jiàn)，一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)言能力不是天生的，而是后天學(xué)會(huì)的，社會(huì)環(huán)境是最好的語(yǔ)言老師。
16、人們平時(shí)常說(shuō)，“無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)沒(méi)有共同語(yǔ)言”，“工人有工人的語(yǔ)言，農(nóng)民有農(nóng)民的語(yǔ)言”。這是不是說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言具有階級(jí)性？語(yǔ)言沒(méi)有階級(jí)性。第一，語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)全體成員共同的交際工具，全體成員，包括各個(gè)階級(jí)、階層的人，不分男女，不分老幼，無(wú)論什么人，與別人交際都要使用語(yǔ)言。如果語(yǔ)言有階級(jí)性，不同階級(jí)的人說(shuō)不同的話，那么階級(jí)之間就無(wú)法進(jìn)行交際（不同階級(jí)之間的斗爭(zhēng)，也就是一種交際活動(dòng)）。第二，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)本身，沒(méi)有階級(jí)可言，比如語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，就談不上有階級(jí)性。第三，語(yǔ)言是伴隨著人類同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的，而在人類從猿到人這個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中，根本就沒(méi)有階級(jí)的區(qū)分，所以從語(yǔ)言的誕生過(guò)程看，語(yǔ)言也是沒(méi)有階級(jí)性的。
17、為什么說(shuō)文字是語(yǔ)言最重要的輔助性交際工具？輔助性的交際工具很多，像旗語(yǔ)、手勢(shì)、紅綠燈、色彩、音響等，都可以在一定的范圍內(nèi)傳遞信息，起到溝通作用，而在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，像廣播、電視、電話、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等交通工具，甚至還可以不改變語(yǔ)言的有聲特質(zhì)，傳遞信息既快又廣，但這些工具，遠(yuǎn)不及文字那樣方便，不及文字使用范圍那樣廣，文字打破了有聲語(yǔ)言的時(shí)空局限，在很大程度上擴(kuò)展了語(yǔ)言的功能，這是其他語(yǔ)言輔助工具所不能比的，所以說(shuō)#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#