在商業環境中,幾乎所有個體都屬于一個或多個團隊。花幾分鐘的時間寫一些關于團隊的例子。當你這樣做時,就可以列出區別于團隊和一群人的一些特征。
 
團隊是什么?團隊是完成任務需要的一套附加技能,這樣團隊中的每個人都可以參與。團隊成員之間有高度依賴性、共同權威性和自我管理意識,同時也對團隊工作的財產負責，朝著一個共同的目標前進。(商業字典,2013)
 
團隊是一群人為同一目標而在一起工作，人與人之間若不和諧相處，永遠也不可能形成一個團隊。如果團隊成員之間沒有共同的興趣、思考方式、態度、自我認知和偏好，他們必須有一個共同地方。(管理學習指南,2012)團隊還是會被分成兩人或兩人以上的團隊，重新被分配的人為實現目標或完成一項任務，彼此之間相互依賴，相互幫助。
 
團隊工作往往是企業的重要部分,因為組織中必要的一群人和最佳的努力成果是必要的。團隊意味著成員之間努力合作,發揮他們的個人技能以及對團隊提供一些反饋意見,團隊之間會出現一些矛盾也是不能避免的。
 
In a commercial environment, almost all individuals will belong to one or more of the team organization. Take a few minutes to write some examples of the team. When you do so, the list features distinguish the team from a group of people.
 
What is team are? Team is a set of additional skills needed to accomplish the task, so that the work had a full range of people. The team members have a high degree of interdependence, shared authoritativeness and responsibility of self-management, also responsible for the property of the group work toward a common goal and incentive. (Business Dictionary, 2013)
 
The team is a group of people working together for a common purpose. Individuals who are not compatible with each other can never form a team. They should have a similar, if not identical interests, thinking, attitudes, cognitive and preferences. (Management Study Guide, 2012) The team also divided into two or more people who have the high degree of interdependence geared towards the attainment of the goal or complete a task.
 
Teamwork is often an important part of the enterprise, because it is often necessary colleagues with the best efforts, in any case. Team means that people will try to collaborate, using their individual skills and offer constructive feedback, in spite of any individual conflict between individuals.
 
Why team necessary in modern work organizations? The team spirit always not significant, but there is always some form of teamwork in everything we do. Encourage effective teamwork is essential for excellent resulted, it will give or take a team environment, to encourage innovative solutions to common problems.
 
Robust growth and recognized the fact that team members possess different skills, so that each case a different point of view and respect. Members are encouraged to speak and express ideas freely, brainstorming, and in order to achieve the organization's goals, without fear of reprisal. (Debra, 2011)#p#分頁標題#e#
 
1 團隊的類型—Type of Team
 
Teams can be confidential according to their objective. The four most common forms of teams likely to find in an organization are problem-solving teams, self-managed teams, cross-functional teams, and virtual teams.
 
Problem-solving teams usually composed of 5 to 12 employees from the same department, to meet a few hours each week to discuss how to improve the product quality, efficiency, and the work environment. The members share ideas or opinion on how to make better the work processes and ways. They rarely have the right to unilaterally carry out their recommendations.
 
Next, self-managed teams. It usually composed of 10 to 15 people who take on the responsibilities of their previous supervisors. Employees act highly concerning or interdependent group, and take the responsibility of many of their previous boss. Under normal circumstances, these mission planning and scheduling work, assigning tasks to members, to make operational decisions, apply operation, and work with suppliers and customers. (Cairo University, 2013)
 
Cross-functional teams are made of employees at about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task. (Stephen and Timothy, 2011) It also allowing people from multiple areas within an organization to swap information, exploit new ideas, solve problem, and consort complex projects. It also bring people with different functional specialties to better create, design, or deliver a product or service.
 
Lastly, virtual teams. In this team it is to do their work face-to-face. It is used computers technology to tie tighter physically dispersed members in order to realize a common goal. They allow people to cooperate online using correspondence links, such as video conferencing, e-mail, whether they are in a room or continents part. (Stephen and Timothy, 2011)
 
2 如何使團隊變成辦事效率高的團隊—How Can Team Become More Effective
 
How can team become more effective? First, the team must have a clear goal. The team's goal should be to require a specific performance objectives, concise expression, everyone knows when the target has been achieved.
 
Second, team must have a competent team members. In the educational environment, the team members can solve their own level of knowledge and also must have an unified commitment. This does not mean that all team members must agree. It is means by that all individuals have the efforts of the goal. If a person's efforts are purely personal goals, then the team will face this and solve the problem.
 
Hence, team also must have high standards that are understood by all so that team members will know what their individual and collective expectations. Vague statements such as "positive attitude" and "show the efforts are not enough.#p#分頁標題#e#
 
Lastly, team must have principled leadership so that can make the team more effective. Team usually need someone to lead the effort and must know team leader how good to lead the effort, because they have good leadership skills and a good team. Members of this team will not be supported, if they feel the team leader of the location of his or her team to achieve personal recognition and other benefit. (Larson and LaFasto, 1989)
 
3 霍桑研究—Hawthorne Studies
 
In the early part of this century, swept through the U.S. scientific enterprise management, one school of thought, to a large extent by Frederick Taylor. He pioneered the use of time and motion study management will carefully broken down into simple blocks task, and then work out the best way for a worker to perform block. Part of the scientific management system, companies often study the impact on workers of their physical environment.
 
The Hawthorne studies were conducted between 1927 and 1932 at Western Electric`s Hawthorne plant near Chicago. Some research were related, the best known being Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, Harvard academy members and consultants, and William Dickson, chief of Hawthorne's Employee Relations Research Department. (World Academy Online, 2010)
 
Hawthorne studies, preliminary relationship between investigating workplace conditions and worker productivity, the introduction of the management of a wide range of subject areas. The investigators found no relationship between the strong working conditions and productivity, but to reach the following conclusions such as personal behavior has led to a complex set of factors, the working group to develop of norms mediate between the individual and institutions demand, employees should not be considered to be an appendage of the machine can reduce resistance to change mood and sense of participation of the employees, the workplace is an interlocking social systems, not simply the maintenance of a production system, social structure, prestige and a symbol of power. (Gale, 2004)
 
For example, the major experiment at Hawthorne studied is effects of different standard of lighting on productivity. The researchers systematically operated the lighting in the area which a group of women worked. The group's productivity was survey and contrasted with another group whose lighting was left unchanged. Finally, the researchers concluded that the lighting does not have any relationship to productivity. Due to the workers improved whenever the quantity of lighting output is exchanged from low to high or vice versa. (World Academy Online, 2010)
 
4 團體的形成—Group Formation
 
In the group formation, Bruce Tuckman five stage model such as forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. First, for the forming is characteristics of the group's objective, construction and leader of the great uncertainty. The members are trying to define what kind of behavior is acceptable and also show some resistance. This resistance needs to be managed with kindness, humor, and some team building activities.#p#分頁標題#e#
 
Next, storming is one of intergroup conflict. Members accept the presence of their group, but resistant constraints personality. Who will control the group there is a conflict. This stage is to test their safety and the mentor relationship can be understood. When this stage is completed, there is a comparatively obvious understanding about leadership and hierarchy.
 
Third, norming is a member of the intimate relationship between the development of a strong sense of group identity. The cooperation will begin settlement with the teachers. They will establish a special role, and began to implement their own specifications. When this stage is completed, the group is a successive construction and membership has absorbed a common set of expectations, suitable and unsuitable behavior. (Jerald and Robert, 2009)
 
When the team reached the stage of performing, hard work led directly to the support structure and processes, set up their own goals and to move toward a common goal. Individual team members may join or leave the team so that will not affect the performance culture. (Mind Tools Ltd, 2013) As a leader, you can delegate a lot of work, and can concentrate on developing team members. It also about group and leadership relations problem has been solved so that the group is ready to work.
 
For the final stage is adjourning. In this stage, the group is prepared to be dissolved. High performance is no longer in the priority of the group. On the contrary, attention is directed to the parcel activities. Reaction of the group members in this phase is not the same. Some are optimistic and indulge in the group's achievements. Friendship and loss in the life of the other working groups may be frustrated.(Jerald and Robert, 2009)
 
5 團體的結構—Group Structure
 
What is group structure? It is held by the members of the group to help its pattern of relationships between the specified target. The structure can be described in a variety of different ways such as roles, norms, status and cohesiveness.
 
Roles defined as a set of prospective method of behavior attributed to people occupy a social unit given location. There are some type of role such as role identity, perception, expectations and conflict. Role identity is a role of certain attitudes and behaviors. Next, role perception is how a person's view, he or she should be in the case of a given action. Role expectations is how others believe a person should take action in a given case. Lastly, role conflict is one of them faces a different role expectations.
 
Norms is acceptable standards of conduct for members of the group shared. The specification can cover almost any aspect of group behavior. Perhaps the most common group norms is a performance norms, it determine how hard they work to complete the task and their output levels should be suitable. Second is appearance norms, it is regulate what to wear. For example, when the dress code, take a look at the lively unspoken rules. Third is social arrangement norms, it is about friendship and norms. Lastly, allocation of resources norms is regulate the distribution of materials.#p#分頁標題#e#
 
Status is a social group or position or rank of the members of the group. According to the theory of state properties, the tendency of the state will come from one of three sources. First, the power of one person than the other waving. Second, a person's ability to promote the group's objectives. Third, individual's personal characteristics.
 
Cohesiveness is the group members are attracted to each other and the extent to which the power to stay in the group. High group cohesion when make the group smaller, encourage the agreement group's goals, employees will spend more time to work together, the members of the target group increased, compete with other groups and the group's reward, rather than the individuals. (Stephen et al, 2009)
 
6 團體過程—Group Processes
 
However, what is group processes? It is refers to a person's behavior, such as the task force are trying to solve a problem or make a decision to understand. The are some dimensions in the group process such as patterns of communication and coordination, patterns of influence, role relationship, patterns of dominance, balance of task focus versus social focus, level of group effectiveness and how conflict is handled. (Neeraja, 2011)
 
7 使團體簡易化的合適環境—Right Environment for the facilitation of groups
 
What is the right environment for the facilitation of groups? First, build trust is the basic tenants of all relationships, to establish an environment of trust is the extremely major things you can do to create a good working environment. This is the consistency of your employees in everything you done, you are reliable, responsible and accountable so that they can rely on. When your speech and behavior is consistent cultivate trust. If they see you are consistent, you will build trust but if they see you do not meet your behavior will be destroyed trust.
 
Communicate in order to create a good working environment, employees need to be taken seriously. An important aspect of communication open in order to meet your employees and your organization's philosophy, values​​, mission and goals of the discussion. Asking for their opinions and ideas, how they separate as a team, your unit can help illustrate these. Then presided over the discussion, they see these completed within your workgroup. Everyone is equal, equally important because each task have the completion of the task organization.
 
Next, to create team spirit you must cultivate the feeling of this team, and also be communicated to all employees so that everyone plays an important role. Encourage the manner of cooperation rather than competition. When you create a team spirit and characteristic, the staff will see themselves as a group of people for a common goal, rather than a bunch of competing individuals. Establish an important aspect of the team spirit that you are from everyone, including residents, family and staff communication.#p#分頁標題#e#
 
Give recognition and appreciation to everyone at every opportunity. For example: "I very much admire your organizational skills and the way you organize your team to provide quality services today." Rather than just say "Well done" something vague, specific personal qualities or skills, and tasks of your team members. Recognize outstanding performance and attitude, and appreciate these things will go a long way to make your staff feel they are a part of the team, valued and respected.
 
Physical Environment if is possible, to ensure that the physical environment of your workplace clean, bright, attractive and cheerful. Ensure as much natural light, if possible, each staff member has their own personal space. (Sandra, 2013)
 
8 團隊工作的目標—Purpose of Teamwork
 
What is the purpose of teamwork? First, shared goals if the team effort to complete a set of common goals. The goal is not to focus on one or two personal, the team needs to do to reach a consensus. Each team member brings her unique perspective and technique of the group. For example, the working group to substitute the old computers in the IT organization may face goal by a certain date. Technical personnel may be responsible for the elimination of the old system and the establishment of new one.
 
Problem solving is as the team usually made ​​up of different skills, one of the purposes is the employees and teamwork are completely solve the problem. The idea is that combined with knowledge of the team, will lead to more effective problem-solving. Moreover, to improving the efficiency of the team members are discovered to new ideas, knowledge and problem-solving methods from each other. So that individual employees have the opportunity to share their expertise with others in a team environment.
 
Next, productivity is a common team purpose to increase productivity. The number of employees assigned to the same set of tasks in a shorter amount of time to complete the work. For example, during the high capacity of the individual's work load becomes difficult to control. In the IT organization, a team may try to resolve a staff of trouble tickets. The team approach is to ensure that the customer's problems can not be solved, not left for a long period of time.
 
Cooperation is the American Management Association, pointed out that the team spirit to meet the needs of the community and colleagues. Effective team requires each member to listen to and participate. Team members must learn to find common ground, and the best way to decided to make joint efforts for peace. In a team, the staff can better understand their colleagues are like, they have learned to set up a trust relationship. Employees may form a relationship between social. These relationships may become conducive to the future of the team and personal projects. (Helen, 2013)#p#分頁標題#e#
 
9 對公司帶來的利益—Benefit Organization
 
What is the benefit of organizations? First, improved performance is a collective decision to enhance the performance of individuals, teams and functional areas to become more solution oriented, and actively take the result of the responsibility and accountability of the actions necessary to improve results and new perspectives. For example, assume the pizza organization which have numerous outlets. Apparently at random, different outlets have periods where they fail to deliver pizzas within forty minutes at peak periods, leading to an increasing number of dissatisfied customers.
 
Increased productivity is create a focused goal setting, goals, solve problems creatively combining effective use of available time, is committed to a high-priority task, the stubborn insistence of a general state of mind and a sense of urgency, in order to achieve higher productivity levels. For example, project management is a project becomes merely deadline. Quality and organization may go out the window, especially as the deadline approaches. The project is completed, but it's usually just at satisfactory and perhaps a little below.
 
Improved effectiveness when people respect and appreciate the talents of others, each person bring a team, you get to improve the channel of communication, decision-making and interpersonal communication, to transcend personal agenda, plan and budget for the results obtained.
 
Lastly, when a personal understanding of the changing role of their success, then they are more willing to be a positive impact of changes. Resistance to reform the stalled efforts and the continuation of the status quo, rather than a sign of change in the purpose of a course of higher levels of performance. Individuals need a high degree of sensitivity of different roles in successful change. Take the initiative to change the natural connection to the organization's strategies and objectives. (Phoenix Seminar, 2013)
 
10 總結—Conclusion
 
In conclusion, the work environment almost everyone in the workplace may be one of the one or more of the team. Efficient team work can change the workplace. It can help to create a clear and open channels of communication, improve work efficiency, and it is conducive the maintaining a high level of morale and provide personal identity and sense of purpose. But sometime team work leads to organizational growth and improvement.
 
The introduction of team working is important to management, unions and employees, to ensure that they know how to teamwork, will help their business strategy, it may involve a long-term change. Even when they place team requires constant monitoring and development, if they are not stagnant.
 
Early team building challenges and excitement may fade, makes it easy for enterprises to accept the level of performance, this is the best short-term. Teamwork is not a limited number of projects, but a process of continuous improvement and innovation. To achieve high performance, the team needs to have the law of change and challenge.#p#分頁標題#e#
 
The concept of the independent team, as a team is always to provide resources and other support to the management and rely, may be misleading. It is a major step for an organization to take the important that management, trade unions and employees ensure they know how team working will contribute to their business strategy and that it is likely to involve a long-term transformation.