綠色供應鏈管理是最近的創新中的一個，為了提高供應鏈管理的能力。在本篇研究中，我們的主要目的是為了研究供應鏈的各種各樣的活動過程在各種各樣的印度制造商即制造工程師協會（中小型制造企業）和大型工業中他們的環保程度（即多少%的綠色因素參與到他們的供應鏈活動中，從原材料的采購到最終產品的運輸），也為了研究制造業的績效計量。綠色供應鏈管理（GSCM）對于汽車制造業已經成為了一個主要的方法，為了達到環境可持續（ES）的要求。這有一個不斷增長的需要，就是把綠色供應鏈管理整合到出境入境管理。供應鏈的六大主要活動是綠色采購、綠色制造、綠色倉儲、綠色分布、綠色包裝和綠色交通，這六大主要活動覆蓋了整個研究。從以上的活動中，我借助了各種關鍵績效指標和其子指標測量了各種印度制造業的產業績效。本次研究的結果是基于調查，制造業造成的環境影響的原因的結果是基于研究所用的適當的方法。本文中，我們探討了影響制造業部門的各種環境因素，同時也回顧了綠色的供應鏈。調查問卷中有四個主要的因素影響可持續的供應鏈，并且還具有各種指標和分指標。本調查問卷包括了多個不同的制造部門，為了了解各種制造業的可持續發展績效，以此走向綠色的未來。

 

Green Supply Chain Management is one of the recent innovations for the enhancement of capabilities of Supply Chain Management. In this research, we aim to study the various activities of the Supply Chain processes of the various Indian Manufacturing Industries i.e. both SME’s {Small Manufacturing Enterprises} & Large Scale Industries & finds how much eco-friendly they are (i.e. how much % of the green factor are involved in their supply chain activities from the procurement of the raw material to the transportation of the final product) for the purpose of metering the performance of the manufacturing sectors has been studied. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as a key approach for automobile manufacturing industries seeking to become Environmentally Sustainable (ES). There is a growing need to integrate GSCM into Inbound, Operational and Outbound supply chain. The major six activities of the supply chain; namely Green Sourcing& Procurement, Green Manufacturing, Green Warehousing, Green Distribution, Green Packaging, Green Transportation are being covered throughout the research. From these above process activities, i measured the performance of the various Indian manufacturing industries with the help of various crucial performance indicators &their sub-indicator’s. The research outcome based on the survey in this research paper identifies the important results that are causes of impact on the environment caused by the manufacturing sectors based upon the appropriate methodology we applied for research purpose. In this research paper, we discussed the various environment factors affecting in the manufacturing sectors while greening the supply chain as identified from the literature review. A survey questionnaire designed with four main factors affecting the sustainable supply chain further having various Indicators &Sub Indicators. This survey questionnaire was being filled by the various multiple manufacturing sectors in order to find out the sustainability performance of various manufacturing sectors towards Green future.#p#分頁標題#e#

Introduction

An environmentally conscious supply chain, also called a green supply chain, is a new concept appearing in recent literatures. Although this environmental issue has been realized very importantly for business, its introduction to supply chain management has only been developed recently. The literature about environmentally conscious supply chain is very limited. "Sustainable Development" was the key concept of the1992 Earth Summit in Rio, as governments and international organizations devoted themselves to take action to protect the environment as in integral part of long-term economic development.

The wide scope of GSCM is ranges from implementing and monitoring of the general environment management programmes to more creating or controlling practices implemented through various (Reduce, Re-use, Rework, Refurbish, Reclaim, Recycle, Remanufacture, Reverse logistics, etc.) towards attaining a GSCM waste minimization is being considered as an important strategic. The waste, which is non-value adding activity, carried out in any operation. The most commonly perceived enemy to environmental protection in manufacturing and production operations. That is, manufacturing and production processes are viewed as the culprits in harming the environment, in the forms of waste generation, ecosystem disruption, and depletion of natural resources.

The objective of this research is to identify the dearth of GSCM integration in the supply chain environment, and therefore integrate the potential of GSCM gaps, issues and evolve new opportunities for further research.

It is not surprising that GSCM finds its definition in the supply chain management. Adding the green component to supply chain management involves addressing the influence and relationships of supply chain management to the natural environment.

GSCM= Green purchasing + Green manufacturing /materials management + Green Distribution / marketing + Reverse logistics.

Statement of Problem

Green supply chain is really an essential issue in today’s agenda as rising environmental problems faced by various manufacturing industries while on the lookout for a sustainable future.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study to analyse and understand the factors affecting the environment from certain indicators and sub indicators of the sustainable supply chain process in order to curb out the harmful processes and more re use of innovative practices for more greener efficient supply chain.#p#分頁標題#e#

Significance of study

With the increasing awareness of the consumers about environmental issues, businesses, households and governments increasingly want to buy green products. Therefore, firms need to implement strategies to reduce environmental impacts of their products and servicesby implementing GSMC by overcoming the barriers involved In the manufacturing industry to enable a competitive advantage.

TRADITIONAL VERSUS GREEN SUPPLY CHAINS

In a traditional supply chain, the flow of materials and information is linear and from one end to the other. There is a limited collaboration and visibility. Each supply chain partner has limited information regarding, for example, the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emission of the other partners. Hence, each player may be concerned about his own footprint and may try to reduce this, irrespective of the impact on upstream and downstream supply chain. There may be some focus on end-to-end supply chain costs but due to limitations of information sharing, the costs are far from optimized in most cases.

An example follows in Figure 1-1 self-constructed. In contrast, Green Supply Chains consider the environmental effects of all processes of supply chain from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of goods. Within the GreenSupply Chain each player motivates other players to go Green and provides the necessary information, support, and guidance, for example, through supplier’s development programmes or customer support. Environment objectives and performance measurement are then integrated with financial and operational objectives.

With this integration, the Green Supply Chains then will strive to achieve what any individual organization on its own could not possibly achieve: minimized waste, minimized environmental impact while assuring maximized consumer satisfaction, and healthy profits. As consumers have become more aware of environmental issues, such as global warming, they have now started asking questions about the products they are purchasing. Nowadays, organizations routinely face queries about how Green their manufacturing processes and supply chain are, how wide the carbon footprint is, how wasteful their packaging is, and how they will recycle.

Literature Review

A brief literature review on GSCM integration, we introduce some of GSCM integration on Inbound, Operational, Outbound and Reverse logistics.

As suggested framework for managers, an effective tool for operations wishing to design environmental PMSs. Authors presented internal factors such as economic performance, green product development etc. and external variables such as green movements or regulators to identify green manufacturing strategy. Suggested, manufacturing strategies on operations policies such as procurement policies, product planning, production and manufacturing technologies, logistics and human resource management. As described by, the differences between the traditional supply chain and the extended supply chain. In traditional supply chain issues considered as production/distribution scheduling, inventory levels, number of stages, distribution centre, plant-product assignment etc. and in extended supply chain benefits realized as reduced product life cycle costs, reduced environmental and health risks, safer, cleaner factories, recycling and re-use and remanufacturing. Investigated the environmental factors leading to the development of extended of recovery operations, such as remanufacturing, recycling, and re-use adds an additional level of complexity to supply chain design, and forms potential operational and strategic considerations and strategic issues such asinventory control policies, impact of uncontrollable recovery processes on inventory composition, production planning, and scheduling, disassembly planning etc.#p#分頁標題#e#

When examined the linkages between green supply chain practices such as environmental collaboration with suppliers, environmental monitoring upon suppliers, environmental collaboration with customers, environmental monitoring by customers and the selection of environmental technologies such as pollution prevention, pollution control, management system. As explored by, impact of relationship conditions existing between a customer and its suppliers such as programs to reduce or eliminate materials used in manufacturing processes or products etc. on the uptake and effectiveness of the customer’s environmental performance requirements.

Introduced and provided an overview of the various internal issues such as cost and profit driven, legacy systems, data management systems, ISO 9000:2000, total quality management, and other industry-specific standards and integrate works in supply chain management, environmental management, and performance management into one framework and external issues such as size organizations and specific industries, regulatory pressure, resource productivity, environmental innovation, an integrated technological system, environmental compliance, liability, issues of business continuity, the call for benchmarking to national, international, or industry standards, customer attitudes toward product take-back, and inter-organizational information technology/data management systems related to environmental (green) supply chain management performance measurement. Provides metrics of environmental performance from the TRI and the Global Reporting Initiative of air emissions to energy recovery and recycling such as fugitive non-point air emissions, stack or point air emissions, discharges to receiving streams and water bodies and general measures such as employee and participative management, publicly available missions and values statement(s) etc.

General Green Purchasing Practice

Green purchasing has a number of environmentally based initiatives that may be incorporated into the purchasing function; these are summarized as follow [12, 13]. Supplier Environmental Questionnaires; Supplier Environmental Audits and Assessments; Environmental Criteria on Approved Supplier List; Require Suppliers to undertake independent Environmental Certification; Jointly Develop Cleaner Technology/Processes with Supplier(s); Engage Suppliers in Design for Environment product/process innovation; Reduce packaging waste at the customer/supplier interface ; Reuse/Recycling of materials requiring co-operation with supplier; Reuse initiatives (including buy-backs and leasing); Conduct LCA with cooperation from suppliers; Seek to influence legislation in cooperation with suppliers; Create supply “club” to collaborate on environmental issues ; Coordinate minimization of environmental impact over full supply chain

In-bound Logistics

One of the issues in delivery (and production) is the use of just-in-time (JIT) practice. This practice is meant to reduce inventory, thus eliminating costs and waste. For example, less#p#分頁標題#e#
storage and warehouse space is needed. This practice reduces the necessary overhead and resource consumption needed to manage this inventory. Thus, JIT seems to be an environmentally sound practice, yet when considered on the whole, the environmental savings can be deceptive. For example, the major method to lessen the amount of inventory is to deliver and produce in small batches. These smaller batches mean more deliveries, thus raising fuel consumption and traffic congestion. Investigations of this trade-offs are necessary. But some of these issues are mitigated with such practices as on-site suppliers or those that are in close proximity for JIT reasons. Another factor related to JIT and supplier management is that fewer suppliers are usually used in a JIT environment. This means better forecasting and fuller loads could be planned. Of course this delivery approach will be dependent on demand levels and characteristics.

Reverse Logistics

Reverse logistics incorporates the return of materials, components and products back into the “forward logistics” chain. This has been further defined reverse logistics as an environmentally conscious approach by incorporating reverse distribution and resource reduction. Their complete definition for reverse logistics is the return, upstream movement or a good or material resulting from reuse, recycling, or disposal with the minimization of waste which results in more efficient forward and reverse distribution processes. Reverse logistics operations include the following major steps: collection, separation, densification or disassembly, transitional processing, delivery and integration.

Overall Performance Analysis of the Indian Manufacturing Sector

Methodology

Procedures

The main procedure used for analysis of the problem situation is by the collection of primary research data. The analysis of this data provides for the results drawn on basis of this study. The sample space comprised of 30 samples in a wide area of the manufacturing sector including various logistics companies.

The secondary approach used for solving the problem at hand is by the case study example taken for Pepsi and the world cup venture it has undertaken for the advertisement in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Participants

The participants involved in the survey responses are of a wide variety of age group. The surveys were taken at the following locations –

Suppliers

Distributors

Companies Implemented andimplementing Green Practices

Thus I was successful to cover a large variety of samples and get an abbreviated overview of the brand recognition in the Market of Mumbai, India.

#p#分頁標題#e#Instrumentation

Instrumentation used for taking surveys comprised of the following –

Test Cases

Questionnaire on green practices by various industry players

Data Collection

The Competitive Strategies and best standards benchmarking Questionnaire have been developed. Based on review of studies, finally researcher had arrived at set of 28 items after eliminating the redundant items by submitting the statements to respondents and discussing with had come across during the survey the researcher, who were believed to have knowledge of the subject for fair judgment. The questionnaire consists of total 4 factors with 28 underlying dimensions. Performance strategies will depend upon their aggregate score. The model aims to explore possible near future developments in the competitive strategies of the companies by addressing their competitive priorities, manufacturing objectives and action plans. The target respondents of our survey were requested to indicate, using a five-point Likert scale (1- Below average/Completely disagree, 2-Average/ Rarely agree, 3-Good/ Partly agree, 4 –Very good/ Rather agree, 5- Excellent/Completely agree), the extent to which they perceived their companies implementing each of the dimensions of GSCM practices. Item analysis was conducted for each of the 105 statements through a ― mean score. These dimensions are represented in the form of questionnaire, for measuring the different facets of Green practices inbound and outbound logistics in , enabling organizations to evaluate their strength and weakness in the course of implementing these practices.

As discussed earlier, 4 green supply chain factors with 28 underlying dimensions considered in this study and each dimension has its own importance for effective green supply chain performance. As per the literature review & experts view, used linkert scale in this questionnaire, where ‘1‘ employs below average & ‘5‘ employs excellent. Each scale signifies how these factors for an industry for effective green supply chain factors. For these competitive ‘mean score’ have been calculated.

The data used in this survey consist of survey responses from managers in Indian enterprises. Due to the difficulties in collecting data, the author did not contact supply chain managers in India individually and alternatively contacted the Indian Logistics and Distribution Association in mumbai because the respondents targeted by this study are supply chain managers and logistics manager. The author solicited only one response from each firm. Survey was conducted on Qualtrics, the web based survey system and b locally meeting suppliers and distributors.

Analysis of Survey Data

The questionnaire contains two sections: GSCM practices & GSCM Performance four items which are factored according to the response from the survey#p#分頁標題#e#

Performance of Eco Procurement

Performance of Eco Manufacturing

Performance of Environmental performance

Performance of Internal Environmental Management

Therefore from a management point of view they should give more strength to Internal Environmental Management Performance, External environmental management like Suppliers and distributors ―for improving green supply chain factors. Also it very important that the management of the industry should give special focus on the least mean scored factor as well as dimension in their organization.

SUGGESTIONS

Promote Eco design: Eco design as an activity that integrates environmental perspectives into product design and development, the integrated activities lead to continual improvement of the environmental performance of the entire product by technological innovation. Developing environmentally friendly products is a cause to change in product design using two principles: (1) designed to extend lifetime of product, it can be improved, repair, and re-use of products such as modular design (2) designed for recycling / design for disassembly, after end of life products that can be more recovery

Control hazardous substances: By complying with and regulations

Set the rules for disposing electronics waste and consider more investment in recycle plants

 Propagate GSCM knowledge and encourage using environmentally friendly goods and services

 Set a direct responsible unit to take in charge of electronics waste only which will increase reverse logistics efficiently

 Promote refurbishing and recycling through campaigns and activities to raise reuse/recycle awareness in electronics consumption

 Expand the product lifespan by designing for disassembly or upgrading computer specification instead of buying new ones or using computer rental services

 Create a database unit to collect and record information

About production, import/export data, and waste management by carrying out traceability

 Encourage team building and train skilled labors for reverse logistics management

 Raise the applications in Extended Producer

EPR is an environmental protection strategy based on the "polluter pays" principle, by making the manufacturer of the product responsible for the entire life-cycle of the product and packaging they produce.#p#分頁標題#e#

Conclusion & Summary

Research paper presents companies an item measurement scale for evaluating the different facets of their green supply chain practices implementation. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a relatively new green issue for the majority of Indian industries. The present empirical study investigated the GSCM practices including inbound and outbound logistics adopted by the electronics and automobile manufacturing industry in India. The pressures or drives to implement GSCM practices and the relationship between GSCM practices as well as the major six activities of the supply chain; namely Green Sourcing& Procurement, Green Manufacturing, Green Warehousing, Green Distribution, Green Packaging, Green Transportation and environmental performance were also studied. The approach adopted in the present study included a questionnaire re. This study also focused on the impact of environmental collaboration in the supply chain on manufacturing and environmental performance.