英國留學研究生藥劑學專業dissertation范文
09-04, 2014
我總是對于科學及數學表現出很大的興趣,因為這些對我們的日常生活有很大的影響。我著迷于藥學，并且作為一個職業,因為它匯集了化學和數學并且直接影響人們的日常生活。藥劑師正在更積極地參與病人的生活中去，這使得我們可以收獲更多,我期待著挑戰性的職業但是需要終身學習。我學到了寶貴的技能，這些我已經將有利于在藥房工作。
在化學中,我學到了一個重要的技能，并且在生產實驗結果表現和演示出來。從這里我能評估和修改這些結果。我喜歡的應用邏輯科學思維和自然法則的知識分析和解決問題發生在藥學的一些問題。化學實驗室參與實際的一面是我的主要興趣在這個問題上,可能通過這項工作幫助別人。
I have always had a great interest in Science and Mathematics because of the impacts that both of these have on our daily lives. I have become fascinated by Pharmacy as a career because it brings together Chemistry and Maths and directly effects on the lives of people in the community. Pharmacists are now more actively involved with the patients and have become more accessible to the community and I am looking forward to the challenge of career that involves life long learning. I have learnt valuable skills in the subjects I have taken which will be beneficial to a career in Pharmacy.
In Chemistry, I have learnt an important skill in producing written and illustrated results from experiments. From this I am able to evaluate and modify these results. I enjoy the application of logical scientific thinking and knowledge of natural laws to analyse and solve problems occurring in Pharmacy. The practical side of Chemistry involving laboratory work was my main interest in this subject and would like to continue this work in helping others.
As a Pharmacist, you do require some skills in maths. With a knowledge of Mathematics I can analyse and solve problems and gained the skill of producing written and illustrated results for a mathematical problem. With Maths, I am able to calculate the accurate dosage of the drug which is required for the patient in relation to hospital pharmacy.
I can bring skills from Computing that can directly relate to a career in Pharmacy. A main skill developed is producing an analysis of a problem that can help in research work. Coursework in computing has enabled me to tackle complex subjects such as building a system via computer programming, I am confident this will be useful in a pharmacy degree.
I have pursued many activities that have given me experience in this field of study. I have encountered independent voluntary work for local Pharmacy branch located in Stretford. From this, I have learnt the insight of being a Community Pharmacist and dealing with prescriptions, which will prove valuable in the future.
I have advanced in my communication skills from part-time employment at Sport World International at Trafford Park. This has given me the opportunity to use my initiative and enabled me to interact with various kinds of situations with different people such as dealing with the consumer’s problems. This has helped me gain responsibility, which I know will be required in the career of Pharmacy.
With my studies aside, I have a passion for cricket and football. My favourite pastimes involves playing cricket and listening to music of all genres. My ongoing hobbies include squash, snooker, gym and travelling when and wherever possible. I enjoy going to the gym which help improves my self-esteem and motivates me in doing my work. Believing in yourself can help to establish your thoughts in a confident way.
At University, I would like to contribute to university life, as this will be a new experience and I will look forward to meeting new people. I am a reliable, determined and enthusiastic person who will relish the opportunity to study pharmacy if I am given the opportunity.
Based on chest X-ray, chest CT imaging changes, select the pus, lowest line the chest cavity closed drainage, drainage of pus, fully in 2 days to select the vomica highest line using the big diameter drainage tube closed thoracic drainage, pyothorax choose all costal collarbone midline between 2 for drainage, wrap pyothorax do colour to exceed to locate locate drainage mouth.Pipe diameter can be appropriately in low drainage tube, in order to reduce patient discomfort, determine after drainage tube patency (good water fluctuation or have pus drawn) since the slowly injected into a lavage (500 ml saline gentamycin + 160000 U [1] or 0.5% iodine v brine 500 ml [2]) see below tube with purulent fluid flow after closing, pay attention to during the process of injection patients with or without chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness and discomfort.And instructed the cough phlegm, take a deep breath and blow the balloon to promote lung after zhang, finished injection keep open drainage after 30 minutes, then from the pipe reverse lavage, perfusion tube drainage opening, when finished injection to keep open drainage of pipe after 30 minutes.Such as pus or more viscous fibrinoid substance derivation can join chymotrypsin protein (2.5 g/L) decomposition, dissolve the pus and necrotic tissue [3].At the same time, strengthen the body nutrition support treatment, choose sensitive antibiotic anti-infection treatment.Tuberculous pyothorax with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol quadruple anti-tuberculosis treatment, the whole body poisoning symptoms are combined with levofloxacin intravenous drip anti-tuberculosis treatment (usually 10-15 days).Patients generally improved postscript bed as much as possible, actively cough phlegm and blow the balloon after lung, deep breathing exercise lung function.Low negative pressure drainage not free when available to attract continuous negative pressure drainage, negative pressure of 4.9 kPa or less [4], after waiting for lavage tube on no pus out or has not smooth when pulling on the tube, check again the chest CT, pulmonary after zhang, pus cavity disappeared, no fluid residue after pulling down the tube.
Serious pleura pyothorax is the clinical common infectious disease, a variety of reasons can make the bacteria into the pleural cavity causing pleural congestion, edema and exudation.Pyothorax pathologically classified into acute exudation phase (phase I), subacute fiber maturation period (Ⅱ period), chronic fiber abscess (Ⅲ period).I, Ⅱ period for acute pyothorax, Ⅲ period for chronic pyothorax [A], our group are in phase I, Ⅱ cases.Pyothorax therapeutic principles including infection control, eliminate pus, systemic support three aspects of the treatment.Eliminate pus, eliminate pus cavity is the key to the treatment of acute pyothorax, due to the fast pyothorax acute phase formation of fibrous tissue separated pus cavity, causing a lot of room to drainage is difficult, if not treated or treatment is not easily extensive adhesion thoroughly, packages for the development of chronic pyothorax, need to open thoracic fiberboard stripped, serious or even line thoracoplasty.[B] surgical trauma, restore slower, so in the treatment of acute stage to be positive and effective measures to avoid turning into chronic pyothorax.
Pleural lavage can dissolve the pus and necrotic tissue, make the pus thin and relieve inflammation of the pleura and directly kill pathogenic bacteria, seepage, prompted pus timely and fully out of the body, relieve symptoms of infection, may, when necessary, the tube of low negative pressure drainage, so that it can reduce the fiber pus moss, promote the pus cavity closure, avoid lung surface fiber layer to the development of chronic pyothorax.1 cases for tips on chest CT colour to exceed the chest broad space, no obvious pus out after the single tube drainage, adopts the thoracoscope [5] to remove pus cavity fiber separation zone of any traffic drainage, pleural lavage, treatment effect is good.The author thinks traffic sex drainage of pleural cavity lavage in the treatment of acute pyothorax, when necessary, supplemented by thoracoscope minimally invasive surgery and the low negative pressure drainage is a good way to treatment of acute pyothorax.Can shorten the drainage time, length of hospital stay, easing the burden on patients, reduce patient pain, effectively prevent acute pyothorax to develop chronic pyothorax, worthy of promotion.
Grassroots health institutions accounting concentration accounting of the advantages and disadvantages, after the implementation of centralized accounting of basic medical and health institutions by the independent accounting business in grassroots medical institutions outside the accounting centralized accounting center, in accordance with the "centralized accounting, the standard management, unified account, household settlement" the principle of centralized accounting, the accounting center for supervision and grassroots medical institutions of various financial revenues and expenditures.Centralized accounting can objectively reflect the accounting transactions of grassroots medical institutions, to help grassroots health institutions to establish and perfect the system of property management, make the accounting business more professional.But there also exist the following problems need to solve: although external financial supervision strengthened, but internal check mechanism, financial conditions close to the surface is narrow, the financial expenditure is not transparent.When there is a false accounting information or omission of accounting matters, accounting responsibility between center and accounting units is not clear.
Strengthening budget mechanism and implement the responsibility.Government of grassroots medical institutions "approved verification tasks, balance of payments, comprehensive balance senders" budget management approach.Budget and financial management responsibility layers of requirements will be implemented to all departments, and through the linkage between the accounting and budget, implementation to strengthen financial supervision and accounting supervision, strengthen grass-roots medical institutions internal management, to ensure that the fund special fund is special, give full play to the purpose of efficient use of funds.
Reasonable division of revenues and expenditures, reflect positioning function.Clear the grassroots health institutions income by medical income, income of financial aid, and the higher subsidies income and other income, clearly reflected in the accounting process of subsidy funds flow into the channel.According to basic medical and health institutions to provide basic public health services function localization, set up under the "health care expenditure" course "public health expenditure" secondary course, at the same time, reflects the government for capital construction and equipment purchase budget compensation mechanism, will the government take the basic construction and equipment purchase of spending to "financial infrastructure equipment spending" course reflect separately.
Specification of asset management, guard against financial risks.According to the requirements of the grassroots health institutions budget management and compensation mechanism, and does not require to cost accounting of accrual basis, without plan carry depreciation of fixed assets or extract repair fund.Rational division and calculation of various kinds of balance of payments, to prevent unreasonable medical expenses increased, control the financial risk, and maintain the public welfare of public medical and health care.
In combination with implementing performance salary, establish reward fund, the establishment of incentive mechanism.At the grassroots medical institutions special fund set up incentive funds and provisions of the balance of payments in budget management mode of medical and health institutions at the grassroots level to the end of the taxable year after task completion performance appraisal be qualified, can be extracted according to the certain proportion of business income and expenses balances reward fund, the grassroots health institutions in combination with the implementation of the performance salary for staff performance appraisal reward, to improve the incentive constraints mechanism, fully arouse the enthusiasm of grassroots medical institutions of medical personnel, prompting them to better participate in health service and working.
在化學中,我學到了一個重要的技能，并且在生產實驗結果表現和演示出來。從這里我能評估和修改這些結果。我喜歡的應用邏輯科學思維和自然法則的知識分析和解決問題發生在藥學的一些問題。化學實驗室參與實際的一面是我的主要興趣在這個問題上,可能通過這項工作幫助別人。
I have always had a great interest in Science and Mathematics because of the impacts that both of these have on our daily lives. I have become fascinated by Pharmacy as a career because it brings together Chemistry and Maths and directly effects on the lives of people in the community. Pharmacists are now more actively involved with the patients and have become more accessible to the community and I am looking forward to the challenge of career that involves life long learning. I have learnt valuable skills in the subjects I have taken which will be beneficial to a career in Pharmacy.
In Chemistry, I have learnt an important skill in producing written and illustrated results from experiments. From this I am able to evaluate and modify these results. I enjoy the application of logical scientific thinking and knowledge of natural laws to analyse and solve problems occurring in Pharmacy. The practical side of Chemistry involving laboratory work was my main interest in this subject and would like to continue this work in helping others.
As a Pharmacist, you do require some skills in maths. With a knowledge of Mathematics I can analyse and solve problems and gained the skill of producing written and illustrated results for a mathematical problem. With Maths, I am able to calculate the accurate dosage of the drug which is required for the patient in relation to hospital pharmacy.
I can bring skills from Computing that can directly relate to a career in Pharmacy. A main skill developed is producing an analysis of a problem that can help in research work. Coursework in computing has enabled me to tackle complex subjects such as building a system via computer programming, I am confident this will be useful in a pharmacy degree.
I have pursued many activities that have given me experience in this field of study. I have encountered independent voluntary work for local Pharmacy branch located in Stretford. From this, I have learnt the insight of being a Community Pharmacist and dealing with prescriptions, which will prove valuable in the future.
I have advanced in my communication skills from part-time employment at Sport World International at Trafford Park. This has given me the opportunity to use my initiative and enabled me to interact with various kinds of situations with different people such as dealing with the consumer’s problems. This has helped me gain responsibility, which I know will be required in the career of Pharmacy.
With my studies aside, I have a passion for cricket and football. My favourite pastimes involves playing cricket and listening to music of all genres. My ongoing hobbies include squash, snooker, gym and travelling when and wherever possible. I enjoy going to the gym which help improves my self-esteem and motivates me in doing my work. Believing in yourself can help to establish your thoughts in a confident way.
At University, I would like to contribute to university life, as this will be a new experience and I will look forward to meeting new people. I am a reliable, determined and enthusiastic person who will relish the opportunity to study pharmacy if I am given the opportunity.
Based on chest X-ray, chest CT imaging changes, select the pus, lowest line the chest cavity closed drainage, drainage of pus, fully in 2 days to select the vomica highest line using the big diameter drainage tube closed thoracic drainage, pyothorax choose all costal collarbone midline between 2 for drainage, wrap pyothorax do colour to exceed to locate locate drainage mouth.Pipe diameter can be appropriately in low drainage tube, in order to reduce patient discomfort, determine after drainage tube patency (good water fluctuation or have pus drawn) since the slowly injected into a lavage (500 ml saline gentamycin + 160000 U [1] or 0.5% iodine v brine 500 ml [2]) see below tube with purulent fluid flow after closing, pay attention to during the process of injection patients with or without chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness and discomfort.And instructed the cough phlegm, take a deep breath and blow the balloon to promote lung after zhang, finished injection keep open drainage after 30 minutes, then from the pipe reverse lavage, perfusion tube drainage opening, when finished injection to keep open drainage of pipe after 30 minutes.Such as pus or more viscous fibrinoid substance derivation can join chymotrypsin protein (2.5 g/L) decomposition, dissolve the pus and necrotic tissue [3].At the same time, strengthen the body nutrition support treatment, choose sensitive antibiotic anti-infection treatment.Tuberculous pyothorax with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol quadruple anti-tuberculosis treatment, the whole body poisoning symptoms are combined with levofloxacin intravenous drip anti-tuberculosis treatment (usually 10-15 days).Patients generally improved postscript bed as much as possible, actively cough phlegm and blow the balloon after lung, deep breathing exercise lung function.Low negative pressure drainage not free when available to attract continuous negative pressure drainage, negative pressure of 4.9 kPa or less [4], after waiting for lavage tube on no pus out or has not smooth when pulling on the tube, check again the chest CT, pulmonary after zhang, pus cavity disappeared, no fluid residue after pulling down the tube.
Serious pleura pyothorax is the clinical common infectious disease, a variety of reasons can make the bacteria into the pleural cavity causing pleural congestion, edema and exudation.Pyothorax pathologically classified into acute exudation phase (phase I), subacute fiber maturation period (Ⅱ period), chronic fiber abscess (Ⅲ period).I, Ⅱ period for acute pyothorax, Ⅲ period for chronic pyothorax [A], our group are in phase I, Ⅱ cases.Pyothorax therapeutic principles including infection control, eliminate pus, systemic support three aspects of the treatment.Eliminate pus, eliminate pus cavity is the key to the treatment of acute pyothorax, due to the fast pyothorax acute phase formation of fibrous tissue separated pus cavity, causing a lot of room to drainage is difficult, if not treated or treatment is not easily extensive adhesion thoroughly, packages for the development of chronic pyothorax, need to open thoracic fiberboard stripped, serious or even line thoracoplasty.[B] surgical trauma, restore slower, so in the treatment of acute stage to be positive and effective measures to avoid turning into chronic pyothorax.
Pleural lavage can dissolve the pus and necrotic tissue, make the pus thin and relieve inflammation of the pleura and directly kill pathogenic bacteria, seepage, prompted pus timely and fully out of the body, relieve symptoms of infection, may, when necessary, the tube of low negative pressure drainage, so that it can reduce the fiber pus moss, promote the pus cavity closure, avoid lung surface fiber layer to the development of chronic pyothorax.1 cases for tips on chest CT colour to exceed the chest broad space, no obvious pus out after the single tube drainage, adopts the thoracoscope [5] to remove pus cavity fiber separation zone of any traffic drainage, pleural lavage, treatment effect is good.The author thinks traffic sex drainage of pleural cavity lavage in the treatment of acute pyothorax, when necessary, supplemented by thoracoscope minimally invasive surgery and the low negative pressure drainage is a good way to treatment of acute pyothorax.Can shorten the drainage time, length of hospital stay, easing the burden on patients, reduce patient pain, effectively prevent acute pyothorax to develop chronic pyothorax, worthy of promotion.
Grassroots health institutions accounting concentration accounting of the advantages and disadvantages, after the implementation of centralized accounting of basic medical and health institutions by the independent accounting business in grassroots medical institutions outside the accounting centralized accounting center, in accordance with the "centralized accounting, the standard management, unified account, household settlement" the principle of centralized accounting, the accounting center for supervision and grassroots medical institutions of various financial revenues and expenditures.Centralized accounting can objectively reflect the accounting transactions of grassroots medical institutions, to help grassroots health institutions to establish and perfect the system of property management, make the accounting business more professional.But there also exist the following problems need to solve: although external financial supervision strengthened, but internal check mechanism, financial conditions close to the surface is narrow, the financial expenditure is not transparent.When there is a false accounting information or omission of accounting matters, accounting responsibility between center and accounting units is not clear.
Strengthening budget mechanism and implement the responsibility.Government of grassroots medical institutions "approved verification tasks, balance of payments, comprehensive balance senders" budget management approach.Budget and financial management responsibility layers of requirements will be implemented to all departments, and through the linkage between the accounting and budget, implementation to strengthen financial supervision and accounting supervision, strengthen grass-roots medical institutions internal management, to ensure that the fund special fund is special, give full play to the purpose of efficient use of funds.
Reasonable division of revenues and expenditures, reflect positioning function.Clear the grassroots health institutions income by medical income, income of financial aid, and the higher subsidies income and other income, clearly reflected in the accounting process of subsidy funds flow into the channel.According to basic medical and health institutions to provide basic public health services function localization, set up under the "health care expenditure" course "public health expenditure" secondary course, at the same time, reflects the government for capital construction and equipment purchase budget compensation mechanism, will the government take the basic construction and equipment purchase of spending to "financial infrastructure equipment spending" course reflect separately.
Specification of asset management, guard against financial risks.According to the requirements of the grassroots health institutions budget management and compensation mechanism, and does not require to cost accounting of accrual basis, without plan carry depreciation of fixed assets or extract repair fund.Rational division and calculation of various kinds of balance of payments, to prevent unreasonable medical expenses increased, control the financial risk, and maintain the public welfare of public medical and health care.
In combination with implementing performance salary, establish reward fund, the establishment of incentive mechanism.At the grassroots medical institutions special fund set up incentive funds and provisions of the balance of payments in budget management mode of medical and health institutions at the grassroots level to the end of the taxable year after task completion performance appraisal be qualified, can be extracted according to the certain proportion of business income and expenses balances reward fund, the grassroots health institutions in combination with the implementation of the performance salary for staff performance appraisal reward, to improve the incentive constraints mechanism, fully arouse the enthusiasm of grassroots medical institutions of medical personnel, prompting them to better participate in health service and working.
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