英文dissertation寫作中常用的技巧
04-30, 2014
a)如何指出當前研究的不足以及有目的地引導出自己的研究的重要性
通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導不足，比如
However, little information.. few investigations...
little attention... few researchers...
little work... or few attempts... or none of these studies
little data
little research
has (have) been less done on / focused on/ attempted to/ conducted/
investigated/ studied...
(with respect to)
Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected /to overestimated( underestimated) / misleaded
thus, these previus results are inconclusive/misleading/ unsatisfactory/ questionable/controversial..
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...
這種引導一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下面的方式強調自己工作的作用：
However, data is still scarce rare/ less accurate/ there is still dearth of
We need to / aim to/ have to/ provide more documents data (records, studies)/ increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary( essential)...
為了強調自己研究的重要性，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等
比如：
1)時間問題
如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說(However)，對時間尺度比較新的問題研究不足
2)物性及研究手段問題
如果你要應用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出當前比較流行的方法以及物質性質，然后說對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
3)研究區域問題
首先總結相鄰區域或者其它區域的研究，然后強調這一區域研究不足
4)不確定性
雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點，這種uncertanties, ambiguities，值得進一步澄清
5)提出自己的假設來驗證
如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作進行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據提出的過程，存在這種可能的結果，本文就是要證實這種結果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ... #p#分頁標題#e#
It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
b) 提出自己的觀點 We aim to
This paper reports on/ provides results/ extends the method/ focus on
The purpose of this paper is to
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...
c) 圈定自己的研究范圍
前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究內容。如果處理不好，reviewer會提出嚴厲的建議，比如你沒有考慮 某種可能性,某種研究手段等等.為了減少這種爭論，在前言的結尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：
1)時間尺度問題
如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確地提出本文只關心這一時間范圍的問題。
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有兩種時間尺度的問題 (long-term and short term)，你可以說 兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種 .
2) 研究區域的問題
和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關心這一地區
d) 最后的原場
在前言的最后，還可以總結性地提出，這一研究對其它研究的幫助?；蛘哒f，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)
總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments).
關于詞匯以及常用結構，要經?？偨Y，多讀多模仿才能融會貫通。
怎樣提出觀點
在提出自己的觀點時，采取什么樣的策略很重要.不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。
1)如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that...
2)對于自己很自信的觀點,可用 We believe that...
3)在更通常的情況下，由數據推斷出一定的結論，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...
4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".
來強調自己的創新。
5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from.. Or This is probably a consequence of
It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this.. Or It is pisible that it stem from...
要注意這些結構要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5)， 那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯定會遭到 置疑。所以要仔細分析自己成果的創新性以及可信度。 #p#分頁標題#e#
連接詞與邏輯
寫英文dissertation最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚。解決 的方法有：
1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨立
常見的連接詞語有, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore...
用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點表達得有層次，更加明確。比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻，最早的文獻可用AA advocated it for the first time. 接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that.. 再接下來，可用Afterwards, CC.. 如果還有，可用More recent studies by DD..
如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開
AA pput forward that... In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面的觀點錯誤，如果只是表明 兩種對立的觀點，用in contrast)， BB..
如果兩種觀點相近,可用 AA suggest , Similarily, alternatively, BB.. Or Also, BB or BB allso does ..
表示因果或者前后關系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,
表明遞進關系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,
當寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應用了這些連接詞。
2) 段落的整體邏輯
經常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結構。
首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed.
The first questuon involves...
The second problem relates to
The thrid aspect deals with...
上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。
Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,.. 當然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補充說明。
3) 討論部份的整體結構
小標題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的數據與結論。補充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。 一定要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專業的專業人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出觀點，另一部份詳細介紹過程以及論述的依據。這樣專業外的人士可以了解 文章的主要觀點，比較專業的討論他可以把它當成黑箱子，而這一 部份本專業人士可以進一步研究。為了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念時，最好加以個括弧，給出 較為詳細的解釋。 #p#分頁標題#e#
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決
1) 在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表
2) 在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreciation的含義，用來提醒讀者。
總之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清晰，并且采取各種 措施方便于讀者。
一定要注意絕對不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看來前人的結論完全不對。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits.
所以文章不要出現非常negative的評價，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.
遇到這類情況，可以婉轉地提出：
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.
Their results could be better convinced if they ...
Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.
討論部份還包括什么內容?
1. 主要數據特征的總結
2. 主要結論以及與前人觀點的對比
3. 本文的不足
第三點，在一般作者看來不可取。事實上給出文章的不足恰恰 是保護自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞，覺得別人看不出來，是非常不明智的。
所謂不足，包括以下內容:
1. 研究的問題有點片面
討論時一定要說，
It should be noted that this study has examined only..
We concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to point out that we do not..
Some limitations of this study are...
2. 結論有些不足
The results do not imply,
The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of
Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data
Our results are lack of ...
但是，在指出這些不足之后，隨后一定要再一次加強本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來解決這些不足，為別人或者自己的下一步 研究打下浮筆。
Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..
However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..
用中文來說，這一部份是左右逢源。把審稿人想到的問題提前給一個交代，同時表明你已經在思考這些問題，但是由于文章長度，試驗進度或者試驗手段的制約，暫時不能回答這些問題。但是，這些通過你的一些建議，這些問題在將來的研究中游可能實現。#p#分頁標題#e#
英語學術dissertation常用經典句型 (1)
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.#p#分頁標題#e#
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model
of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
#p#分頁標題#e#
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...#p#分頁標題#e#
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
英語學術dissertation常用經典句型(2)
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.#p#分頁標題#e#
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.#p#分頁標題#e#
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
problem.
1. There are several ways to get around this problem.
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.
6. Several problems are associated with them.
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.
8. Most problems in practice are complicated
9. More problem surface here.
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology
Assumption
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.
5. Main simplifying assumptions are:
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.
Outline / Structure / Module
1. An outline of the research#p#分頁標題#e#
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme
3. Is built into ... structure
4. A nice modular structure.
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria
Classification
1. A xx system comprises three main components:
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..
3. Consists of the following steps:
4. This is summarized in the following steps:
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:
l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the
l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more
l The following steps should be followed
l xx can be classified by a different ways.
l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:
l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.
System
l Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit
h problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.
l The system consists of both ... and ...
l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.
l expert system domains are area of expertise
l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:
l The system has been developed / designed to determine
l The system has proven to be able to
l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain
l The system comprises a ... with
l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique
l The system environment must be relatively stable
l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...
l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.
l The most essential part of .. system is the ...
l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of
l An automated system was developed for
英語學術dissertation常用經典句型 (3)
l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.
l An interactive automatic ... system
l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system
l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system
l xx is an important part of the integrated system.
l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.#p#分頁標題#e#
l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.
l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.
Computer System
l The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result
s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a
XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.
l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.
l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.
l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386
209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.
l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.
l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.
l This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.#p#分頁標題#e#
l This can be accomplished by
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...
l These concepts have been applied to
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above,
l This can be achieved by
l This fact suggests that a new concept
l This was accomplished by taking ...
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility
l There is little hope of achieving successful ...
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of
l Only a few studies can be found.
l It is a very tedious process to go through
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.
l Several techniques can be used
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine
l Euler's formula states the following:
l The completed model should agree with the formula.
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to
be useful.
Point of View
l from an implementation standpoint,
l From the point of view of this application,
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).#p#分頁標題#e#
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]
Justification
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.
Chapter 4. Examples
Example/ Data
l The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.
l The data consists of over xx measurements.
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.#p#分頁標題#e#
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.
Comparisons
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.
l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable
l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],
英語學術dissertation常用經典句型 (4)
as shown in Table 1 and 2
l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2
l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data.
l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings,
xx through xx as column headings.
l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.
CONJUGATION
To Indicate Addition
l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speaking
To Indicate Cause and Effect
l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly
To indicate Comparison
l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively
To Indicate Concession
l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of course
To Indicate Contrast
l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,
To Indicate Time Relationships：
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while
To Indicate Special Features or Examples：
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above
To Indicate Summary：#p#分頁標題#e#
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,
VERB PHASE
l build a .. model
l build up the key link
l began a new era in ...
l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through
l can result in
l carries out ... tasks
l production information in order to simultaneously
l contains all information necessary to describe
l do not make use of production information
l deals with
l end with failure
l fetch the information from the model directly
l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /
been recognized as
l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a compo
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the search
l makes use of
l make up
l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it
l must be justified
l point out
l play an important role
l relates to
l rely on
l satisfy the needs
l determine the total requirements for the ...
l uses ... as a key to search for...
l without relying on
l will be available/ performed/ overlooked
NOUN PHASE
l a basic technical function of
l a critical need
l a key / principle feature of
l a substantial impact on
l an intensive review was conducted
l an increasing need for expanding the application of ....
l an important component / function / aspect / issue
l each rule is numbered in sequence
each of these involves
l for this calculation, it is necessary to define
l in the physical environment / integration of
l in the reality of situations where …
l many aspects of
l most past efforts have been spent on ...
l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field.#p#分頁標題#e#
l sources of additional information on ... are listed
l systematic and rationally structured format
l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown
l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions
l the number of parts needed to
l the above statement means that
l the output data is passed to
l the proposed method / underlying principle
l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should
l this information resides in
l this process is composed of ... different ... operation
l along with the use of
l concerning general aspects of
l due to
l for later use in generating...,
l in turn,
l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to
l it can be claimed/concluded that
l it demonstrates the decisions required of
l it also provides information to ..
l it becomes essential to
l let ... be the probability that
l once... is written, it is compiled into...
l suppose it is observed that
l this is because
l this results in a
l upon completion of the ... analysis,
l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be
recorded in books and papers
l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans,
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly.
l for the sake of convenience
l correct decision to be reach
l keeping the number of rules to a minimum.
l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics:
l practical solutions
l because of rather small job lot sizes
l Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should milling tool be select" different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning
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