A Complex Model of the QDA Process

一個(gè)QDA進(jìn)程的復(fù)雜模型

The diagram in Figure 3 is a model of the features of the QDA process, and how a computer program fits into this process. It incorporates and builds on the basic Noticing, Collecting, Thinking process that I have been discussing.  This diagram consists of four parts:

QDA過(guò)程的功能，圖3中的圖表是一個(gè)模型計(jì)算機(jī)程序如何裝入這個(gè)過(guò)程。從它集成的基礎(chǔ)上可以看到我一直在討論的注意，收集，思考過(guò)程。此圖由四部分組成：

1. Arrows   which represent the basic Notice, Collect, Think process described in the previous section.

2. Three Boxes which represent the three basic processes of The Ethnograph: Import and Number, Code a Data File, and Search for Coded Segments.

3. A large box with rounded corners   that represents analytic “discoveries.”

4. Light curving lines with arrows   .  These represent the iterative and   http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  recursive aspects of QDA.

The Processes of Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about Things

The large arrows represent the basic processes of qualitative data analysis:

大箭頭代表定性數(shù)據(jù)分析的基本流程：

Collect Data.

數(shù)據(jù)收集

Notice interesting things in your data.

Collect sets of those interesting things.

Think about those interesting things.

Write a report about those things.

Three of these (Notice, Collect, and Think) were discussed in the first part of this appendix.  The other two arrows represent the entry and exit points of the process (Collect Data and Write a Report). 

這三個(gè)（注意，收集，思考）將在本附錄的第一部分討論。其他兩個(gè)箭頭代表入口和出口點(diǎn)的過(guò)程（收集數(shù)據(jù)并寫(xiě)一份報(bào)告）。

 

While the placement of these arrows suggests that the process is progressive and linear, the diagram preserves the nonlinear, iterative, and recursive aspects of the process as discussed in the previous section.

The Basic Procedures of The Ethnograph

The boxes represent the basic procedures of The Ethnograph (Import and Number Files, Code

Data Files, and Search for Coded Segments).  For an overview of these procedures see Chapter 4:

Quick Tour.  

1. Import and Number Data Files:  This procedure takes data files that you have created (using either your word processor, or the Ethnograph Editor), and transforms them into “numbered” data files that The Ethnograph can process. These are the basic data records that you read and analyze.  

NOTE: Later, when I talk about going back to Import and Number, I mean going back to the data records you previously created when you ran the Import and Number procedure, not the Import and Number process itself.#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

注：后來(lái)，當(dāng)我談到返回輸入及數(shù)字時(shí)，我的意思是要回到你以前創(chuàng)建的數(shù)據(jù)，當(dāng)你到輸入和數(shù)字的過(guò)程時(shí)，不是導(dǎo)入和號(hào)碼本身的數(shù)據(jù)記錄。

2. Code Data Files:  This procedure facilitates the process of identifying and naming interesting things in your data files.  The differently shaped and shaded boxes inside of this figure represent the various types of things you might notice and code in your data.  At this point you are still dealing with an undifferentiated mass of coded data.

在這一點(diǎn)上，你還在處理未分化的編碼數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量。

3. Search for Coded Segments:  The next step is to bring order to your data.  This means disassembling and reassembling the data set based on your coding scheme.  We also call this process “sorting and sifting” your data.  This makes it easier for you to closely examine, and compare and contrast, things that you notice in your data. This process is represented by the orderly display of shaded boxes in the figure.

此過(guò)程的有序顯示在圖中的陰影框表示。

The Swirls and Eddies of the Analysis Process

分析過(guò)程中的漩渦

The light curving arrows represent the swirls and eddies of qualitative data analysis. Analysis does not just happen. It evolves and develops in an iterative and recursive fashion.  As the analysis develops you learn to think differently about the data you have already collected. As you progress through the various steps in the process you are constantly returning to previous steps.  

在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，你通過(guò)各種步驟前進(jìn)，又會(huì)不斷地返回之前的步驟。

Coding Influences Coding and Analysis

編碼影響編碼分析

The initial coding work that you do (represented by the Code Data Files box) helps you notice new things in your data. Notice the arrow that goes from this box back to the Import and Number Files box. This arrow is labeled Read.  This means that you need to read your original data files again. The act of coding changes both the original data and your relationship to that data.  As you start to code you will discover other things to notice and code. 

編碼同時(shí)改變?cè)紨?shù)據(jù)和該數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)系的行為。當(dāng)你開(kāi)始編寫(xiě)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其他的東西需要注意和編碼。

 

 

Searching Influences Coding and Analysis

搜索影響編碼和分析

The initial sorting and sifting has three effects:

1. It leads to revisions in your coding scheme. This is represented by the arrow that goes from the box labeled Search for Segments to the box labeled Code Data Files. 

2. It helps you notice new things in your data.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Search for Segments box to the Import and Number Files box. #p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

3.  It facilitates the process of thinking and making discoveries. 

The Emergence of Discoveries

Discoveries emerge in many ways and can take many forms.  

Sometimes discoveries emerge from the sorting and sifting process

Sometimes discoveries emerge from simply examining the coded transcript. 

This latter path is represented by the dark arrow going from the Code Data Files Box to the Discoveries box.  

Some types of discoveries are represented in the Discoveries box     at the lower right hand corner of the diagram.  Discoveries can be patterns, sequences, processes, wholes, classes, types, and categories.  

Discoveries Influence Coding and Analysis

The initial discoveries that you make are preliminary and provisional. They have two effects on data analysis.  

1. They help you notice new things in your data.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Discover Box to the Import and Number Files box.    

2. They suggest revisions to your existing code map.  This is represented by the arrow going from the Discoveries box to the Code Data Files box.

Codes as Heuristic Tools

啟發(fā)式工具的代碼

This essay has been premised on the idea that code words in QDA are primarily heuristic tools. 

Earlier in this essay I alluded to an objectivist-heuristic continuum for understanding code words. 

While this distinction has been described elsewhere (Kelle and Seidel, 1995), I would like to make a few remarks about this distinction in the conclusion to this essay.

雖然這種區(qū)別已在別處（凱樂(lè)和賽德?tīng)枺?995年），我想這種區(qū)別在結(jié)束這篇文章說(shuō)幾句。

First, following on a previous discussion (Kelle and Seidel, 1995) I want to make it clear that I am not talking about code words per se.  Code words are not inherently objectivist or heuristic.  Rather, these are terms  that describe how we think about, and make use of, code words in QDA.  

Second, I am not talking about an either/or distinction.  In any given research project some code words might be more “objective” and others more “heuristic.”  Further, some code words might be used for both purposes. Depending on your analytic style and purpose you might gravitate toward one or the other use of code words.  

根據(jù)你分析的風(fēng)格和目的，你可能會(huì)傾向于一種或另一種使用的碼字。

But I do think that the tradition in QDA is primarily to treat code words as heuristic tools rather than objective representations of facts.  A tendency to treat code words “objectively” is, at best, problematic.

但我認(rèn)為QDA傳統(tǒng)治療主要是碼字作為啟發(fā)式的工具，而不是對(duì)事實(shí)的客觀陳述。 “客觀”的傾向，對(duì)待碼字，在最好的情況下，是有問(wèn)題的。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#