Problems with the Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy
拼圖類比問題
While the jigsaw puzzle approach to analyzing data can be productive and fruitful, it also entails some risks and problems. Experienced qualitative social scientists have always been aware of the potential problems, and organize their work to minimize the adverse effects. For example, Wiseman, who does code data, points out that the simple act of breaking down data into its constituent parts can distort and mislead the analyst.
雖然用拼圖的方法來分析數據是富有成效和成果的，它也需要一定的風險和問題。有經驗的定性社會科學家們一直知道會有潛在問題，然后來組織他們的工作，把帶來的不利影響降到最低。
...a serious problem is sometimes created by the very fact of organizing the material through coding or breaking it up into segments in that this destroys the totality of philosophy as expressed by the interviewee--which is closely related to the major goal of the study (Wiseman, 1979: 278).
Part of the solution to this problem is as follows:
解決這個問題的一部分方案如下所示：
To circumvent this problem, taped interviews were typed in duplicate. One copy was cut apart and affixed, by subject matter, to hand sort cards and then further cross-coded by coders....A second copy of the interview was left intact to be read in its entirety (Wiseman, 1979:278, my emphasis).
In short, Wiseman protects her analysis by working back and forth between the parts and the whole of her data.
總之，懷茲曼通過在數據部分和整體之間來回工作，來保護她的分析。
Alternatives to the Jigsaw Puzzle Analogy
替代拼圖類比
One general problem with the jigsaw puzzle analogy is that it assumes that the best way to proceed is by intensive and inclusive coding of the data. It assumes that analytic discoveries directly follow from the process of coding and then sorting and sifting coded data.  As I have already noted, and will discuss later, while this can be a good way to proceed it is not always the most appropriate or useful approach to analyzing qualitative data. 
拼圖比喻的一個普遍的問題是，它假定的最佳方式是通過密集的和包容性的數據編碼。它假定分析發現直接從編碼然后分類，篩選編碼數據過程中得來。
Examples of Noticing, Collecting, Thinking
The general process of Noticing, Collecting, and Thinking about things is reflected in many works which describe and discuss the practice of analyzing qualitative data.  Four examples are presented below.  In each example I have "coded" the text by breaking it up and inserting the terms Noticing, Collecting and Thinking into the text. This is one way of creating a “topographic” map of the text. While the fits are not always perfect, each statement is consistent with the model.
在每個例子中，我已經通過打亂文章，對文字進行編碼，并且在文中插入注意，收集和思考字樣。這是一種創造了“地形”地圖文字的方式，雖然擬合并不總是完美的，但每個語句都是與模型一致。#p#分頁標題#e#
Example 1
The first example comes from a description of QDA by Danny Jorgenson (1989).  While this example repeats a previously quoted passage, this time I specifically identify the parts of the quote that correspond to the parts of the QDA process.
Noticing: Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements, or units. 
Collecting: With facts broken down into manageable pieces, the researcher sorts and sifts them,
Thinking: searching for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns, or wholes.
The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in meaningful or comprehensible fashion (Jorgenson, 1989: 107, my emphasis).
這個過程的目的是組裝或重建有意義的數據或理解的時尚。
Example 2
Another example comes from a discussion of grounded theory by Corbin and Strauss (1990).
Noticing/Collecting: Open Coding is the part of analysis that pertains specifically to the naming and categorizing of phenomena through close examination of the data. ...During open coding the data are broken down into discrete parts,
Thinking: closely examined, compared for similarities and differences, and questions are asked about the phenomena as reflected in the data (Corbin and Strauss, 1990: 62, my emphasis).
Example 3
A more concrete description of the process is provided by Schneider and Conrad (1983).  They describe the analysis of interviews they had collected in an interview study of epilepsy. In this example the codes emerged from the data. 
在這個例子中，數據中出現的代碼。
Noticing: We began coding the interviews by reading carefully a sample of the transcripts to develop substantive and general topic codes....We then photocopied the original transcripts, marked each appropriate line or section with the code in the margin,
Collecting: and cut up and filed the pieces of paper according to the codes....
Thinking: Fairly early in our project it became apparent that the medical perspective on epilepsy did very little to describe our respondents' experience (Schneider and Conrad, 1983:242, my emphasis).
Example 4
Finally, Spradley (1979) sketches the traditional process of anthropological field work.  In this example, the noticing process is presented both on the general level of gathering data, and on the particular level of examining the data. “Sorting through field notes” implies noticing something that can then be collected. 
最后，Spradley（1979年）勾畫出傳統工藝的人類學田野工作。在這個例子中，注意到過程上收集數據的一般水平，并檢查數據的特定水平。通過實地筆記“排序”意味注意到的東西，然后可以收集。
Noticing: And so the ethnographer started hanging around, watching, listening, and writing things down...In a few months, the stack of field notes about what people said and did grew quite large....#p#分頁標題#e#
Noticing/
Collecting:  The field work period drew to a close and the ethnographer  http://ukthesis.org/ygsslwdx/  returned home with notebooks filled with observations and interpretations.  Sorting through field notes in the months that followed....
Thinking: the ethnographer compared, contrasted, analyzed, synthesized, and wrote (Spradley, 1979: 227, my emphasis).