構(gòu)思階段

 

為了使議dissertation給人一種深刻的印象,就必須包括一些特定的要素來說服讀者從你的觀點(diǎn)中找到一些東西。正因?yàn)槿绱?在你開始寫議dissertation之前必須花幾分鐘的時(shí)間來做些構(gòu)思和準(zhǔn)備。

 

尋找一個(gè)好的主題

 

為了給議dissertation找一個(gè)好的主題你應(yīng)該考慮以下幾個(gè)問題,包括有兩個(gè)相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)或者非常不同的結(jié)論。當(dāng)你檢查主題列表時(shí)你應(yīng)該找一個(gè)能真正激發(fā)你興趣的一個(gè)。

 

盡管沒有足夠感興趣的但在一個(gè)主題中強(qiáng)烈的興趣是很重要的,你必須考慮你要用什么樣的原因和論據(jù)。只有強(qiáng)烈的信念是一回事,但當(dāng)要形成論據(jù)時(shí)你必須解釋清為什么你的觀點(diǎn)是有合理的,符合邏輯的。

 

當(dāng)你尋找一個(gè)主題時(shí),腦中列出一些你可以用來作為支持或反對這個(gè)話題論據(jù)的觀點(diǎn)。

 

考慮一下你所寫的主題的正反面并確定立場。

 

一旦你選了一個(gè)很有感覺的話題,你應(yīng)該列出正反兩方面的論據(jù)并挑其中一方面。文章的首要目的就是呈現(xiàn)出這個(gè)話題的兩面并對每一個(gè)進(jìn)行評價(jià)。當(dāng)然,挑選其中一方面(你所要寫的那方面)做一下總結(jié)。

 

在構(gòu)思階段你需要考慮一下反方強(qiáng)有力的論據(jù)。然后擊倒他們!

 

收集證據(jù)

 

當(dāng)我們想論據(jù)的時(shí)候我們可以想象出兩個(gè)面紅耳赤的人很大聲講話,擺出戲劇姿態(tài)的畫面。但那是因?yàn)槊鎸γ娴臓幷撏呛芮榫w化的。事實(shí)上,爭論的行為包括了有或沒有帶情緒化的提供證據(jù)支持你的說法。在議dissertation中,提供論據(jù)時(shí)你一定不能放太多戲劇性事件在里面。你要(簡短地)摸索雙方的主題,并證明為什么這方面或立場是最好的。

 

寫作階段

 

一旦你給了自己一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),你就可以開始制定你的文章。一篇議dissertation應(yīng)該包含三個(gè)部分:介紹,主體,總結(jié)。這些部分的長度(段落的數(shù)量)會有所變化,取決于你的dissertation的長度。

 

1.介紹主題和表明自己的觀點(diǎn)

 

在任何一篇文章中,你論據(jù)文章的第一段應(yīng)該包含一個(gè)關(guān)于話題簡短的解釋,一些背景信息,和主旨句。在這種情況下,您的論點(diǎn)將是在一個(gè)特別有爭議的話題中你所在立場的陳述。

 

在舉例介紹段落中使用主旨句:

 

自新世紀(jì)以來,出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)關(guān)于世界末日,或者至少是我們所知道的生命終結(jié)的理論。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

這個(gè)新理論圍繞在2012年的某一天,聲稱在很多不同文化的古代手稿中有關(guān)于這一天的神秘起源。關(guān)于這個(gè)日期最典型的是,它似乎標(biāo)志著瑪雅歷法的終結(jié)。但沒有證據(jù)表明,瑪雅人看到任何與這個(gè)日期有重大相關(guān)性的東西。事實(shí)上,周圍沒有任何主張讓 2012世界末日事件接受科學(xué)探究。2012年將不會發(fā)生令生活發(fā)生重大改變的災(zāi)難,在平安的度過。

 

2.準(zhǔn)備雙方的辯論

 

文章主體包含你論點(diǎn)的“肉體”。你應(yīng)該詳細(xì)說說雙方爭議的點(diǎn)并陳述反方最強(qiáng)有力的論據(jù)。

 

在敘述完反方后,你就要展現(xiàn)你自己的觀點(diǎn)接著提供論據(jù)說明為什么你的立場是正確的。

 

挑選最強(qiáng)有力的論據(jù),一個(gè)一個(gè)地呈現(xiàn)出你的觀點(diǎn)。使用一個(gè)混合的論據(jù)類型,從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),到其他的研究和軼聞故事。

 

最后在總結(jié)段落重新敘述一下你的立場是最明智的。

 

文章的注意事項(xiàng)：

 

避免情緒化的語言

 

了解邏輯的結(jié)論與情緒化觀點(diǎn)的區(qū)別

 

不要整理論據(jù)

 

應(yīng)用原始資料

 

制作一個(gè)大綱

 

了解到辯方最有力的論據(jù),為辯護(hù)自己這方做好準(zhǔn)備。你可能會受到來自老師或其他同學(xué)的挑戰(zhàn)。

 

How to Write an Argument Essay

Planning Stage

 

For an argument essay to be effective, it must contain certain elements that will persuade the audience to see things from your perspective. For this reason, you must take a few minutes to plan and prepare before you jump into writing an argument essay.

 

Find a Good Topic

 

To find good topic for an argument essay you should consider several issues that will have two conflicting points of view or very different conclusions. As you look over a list of topics you should find one that really sparks your interest.

 

While a strong interest in a topic is important, it's not enough to be interested. You have to consider what position you can back up with reasoning and evidence. It's one thing to have a strong belief, but when shaping an argument you'll have to explain why your belief is reasonable and logical.

 

As you explore the topics, make a mental list of points you could use as evidence for or against an issue.

 

Consider Both Sides of Your Topic and Take a Position#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

 

Once you have selected a topic you feel strongly about, you should make a list of points for both sides of the argument and pick a side. One of your first objectives in your essay will be to present both sides of your issue with an assessment of each. Of course, you will conclude that one side (your side) is the best conclusion.

 

In the planning stage you will need to consider strong arguments for the "other" side. Then you'll shoot them down!

 

Gather Evidence

 

When we think of arguments we might picture two red-faced people speaking quite loudly and making dramatic gestures. But that's because face-to-face arguments often become emotional. In fact, the act of arguing involves providing proof to support your claim, with or without emotions.

In an argument essay you will have to provide evidence without providing too much drama. You'll explore two sides of a topic (briefly) and provide proof as to why one side or position is the best one.

 

Writing Stage

 

Once you've given yourself a solid foundation to work with, you can begin to craft your essay. An argument essay should contain three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The length of these parts (number of paragraphs) will vary, depending on the length of your essay assignment.

 

1. Introduce your topic and assert your side

 

As in any essay, the first paragraph of your argument essay should contain a brief explanation of your topic, some background information, and a thesis statement. In this case, your thesis will be a statement of your position on a particular controversial topic.

 

Example introductory paragraph with thesis statement:

 

Since the turn of the new century, a theory has emerged concerning the end of the world, or at least the end of life as we know it. This new theory centers around the year 2012, a date that many claim has mysterious origins in ancient manuscripts from many different cultures. The most noted characteristic of this date is that it appears to mark the end of the Mayan calendar. But there is no evidence to suggest that the Maya saw any great relevance to this date. In fact, none of the claims surrounding a 2012 doomsday event hold up to scientific inquiry. The year 2012 will pass without a major, life-altering catastrophe.

 

2. Present both sides of the controversy

 

The body of your essay will contain the meat of your argument. You should go into more detail about the two sides of your controversy and state the strongest points of the counter-side of your issue.

 #p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

After describing the "other" side, you will present your own viewpoint and then provide evidence to show why your position is the correct one.

 

Select your strongest evidence and present your points one by one. Use a mix of evidence types, from statistics, to other studies and anecdotal stories. This part of your paper could be any length, from two paragraphs to two hundred pages.

 

Re-state your position as the most sensible one in your summary paragraphs.

 

Tips for Your Essay:

 

Avoid emotional language

 

Know the difference between a logical conclusion and an emotional point of view

 

Don't make up evidence

 

Cite your sources

 

Make an outline

 

Be prepared to defend your side by knowing the strongest arguments for the other side. You might be challenged by the teacher or by another student.