Literature Review怎么寫？Write a Literature Review-怎么寫Literature Review呢？

1. Introduction
Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.
2. Components
Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:
四個階段
• Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
• 問題規劃：正在研究的主題或者領域以及構成的問題
• Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• 文獻搜索：找到搜索主題的相關材料
• Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
• 數據評估：確定哪些文獻對于主題的理解有重要的貢獻
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature
• 分析與說明：討論調查結果以及相關文獻的結論
Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:
文獻綜述應該包含四個要素
• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
• 主題、問題或者所考慮到的理論的概述，和文獻綜述的目標
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
• 將著作分類（支持某個立場的，反對某個立場的，還有兩者皆同意的）
• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• 闡釋每一本著作與其他著作的相似和相同之處
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
• 得出結論，關于在討論中哪部分最好，最有說服力，對于研究領域的理解和發展做出的貢獻最大
In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:
評價每一部分，應該考慮到：
• Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
• 出處：作者的資格？作者的論證是否有證據來支持（如基本史料、個案研究、敘述統計、最近的科學發現）？
• Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point? #p#分頁標題#e#
• 客觀性：作者的觀點是否公正或存在偏見？有沒有相反的數據？忽略了某些相關的信息來證明作者的觀點嗎？
• Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• 說服力：作者的那個論題最或最不令人信服？
• Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?
• 價值：作者的論證和結論是否有說服力？著作最終是否對理解主題有任何重要貢獻？

3. Definition and Use/Purpose
A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:
文獻綜述可能會設立一個必不可少的論題章節，或者是獨立的綜述。任何一種情況，目的都在于：
• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• 將每部著作放置于其理解主題的貢獻的背景中
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
• 描述每部著作與考慮到的其他著作的關系
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• 認同闡述的新方式，清楚顯示出之前研究的任何缺陷
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
• 解決表面看上去互相矛盾的先前的研究之間的沖突
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Literature Review怎么寫？Write a Literature Review-怎么寫Literature Review呢？
• Point the way forward for further research
• 指出進一步研究的方向
• Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature
• 在現有的文獻的背景中列出某人的原著（關于論題或者dissertation）
The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.
文獻綜述不列出最基本的知識。