留學生環保專業綠色經濟發展dissertation：運輸是一種經濟和社會活動，實現空間位移的人力和物質與公共交通線路及設施。本文討論的好處和風險為運輸服務的調節運輸業是競爭自由和沒有政府的干預，并研究開發新型綠色交通的基礎上，分析影響運輸環境。總之，既有優點和缺點的自由競爭。我們應該充分發揮自身的優勢，克服缺點。促進經濟發展#p#分頁標題#e#，它不僅需要尊重的原則，自由競爭的市場經濟，但也要充分利用宏觀調控措施，加強監督。此外，傳統的運輸有一個對環境造成負面影響，所以我們應該倡導綠色交通，發展經濟的環境保護。

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Name: Meiling XU  International Transport System
Address: 55 Regent St., Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania  Unit Co-ordinator:
7005  Jiangang FEI
  Assessment no.: 2 

Due Date: 10/05/2010 Date submitted: 10/05/2010

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Traditional Transport Industry and Green Transportation

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Abstract

Transport is a kind of economic and social activity to achieve spatial displacement of human and material with public transport routes and facilities. This paper discussed the benefits and risks for the transport services of a de-regulated transport industry in which competition is free and without government interference, and then researched the development model of Green Transportation based on the analysis of the impact of transport on the environment. In conclusion, there are both advantages and disadvantages for free competition. We should give full play to its strengths, to overcome the shortcomings. Promoting economic development, it needs not only respect the principle of free competition in the market economy, but also make good use of macro-control measures to strengthen supervision. In addition, the traditional transport had a negative impact to the environment, so we should promote Green Transportation, developing economy based on environmental protection.
Table of Content

留學生環保專業綠色經濟發展dissertationABSTRACT I
TABLE OF CONTENT II
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND LOGISTICS: OVERVIEW 1
3.0 BENEFITS AND RISKS TO THE USERS OF DE-REGULATED TRANSPORT 2
3.1 BENEFITS 3
3.2 RISKS 4
4.0 IMPACTS OF TRANSPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 5
4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 5
4.2 RESOURCE DEGRADATION 6
5.0 GREEN TRANSPORTATION 7
5.1 WHAT IS GREEN TRANSPORTATION 7
5.2 HOW TO CONSTRUCT GREEN TRANSPORTATION 8
6.0 CONCLUSION 8
REFERENCE 9

1.0 Introduction
Transport is a kind of economic and social activity to achieve spatial displacement of human and material with public transport routes and facilities (Dale S. Rogers, Ronald S. Tibben-Lembke, 1999). Transport has appeared since the birth of mankind, because transport is an important way for human to get food, clothing, room materials and weapons, so transport development and human civilization proceeded in the same time. From people as a means of transport (pickaback, piggyback, etc.), the animal powered transport such as horse, dog and other animals, to the appearance of axle and vehicle, all of these are imbued with the footprint of economic and social development. In 1765, Watt invented the steam engine, and then Industrial Revolution was launched which not only led to fundamental changes in the old waterway transport, but also opened the prelude to the development of modern transport (John L. Hazard, 1977). Transportation has played an important role in promoting social division, developing of large-scale industry and improving the economy of scale, in addition, it has contributed to consolidating the country’s political unity, expanding the international trade and economic corporation, as well as personnel exchanges. This paper plans to discuss the benefits and risks for the transport services of a de-regulated transport industry in which competition is free and without government interference, and then research the development model of Green Transportation based on the analysis of the impact of transport on the environment.#p#分頁標題#e#
2.0 Transport Industry and Logistics: Overview
As all we have seen, transport is a simple displacement activity, but it makes important economic, social, political and national defense sense. Firstly, transport is a prerequisite of economic development, a foundation of modern society, and an important link of socioeconomic development. The transport now carries the path that had entered modernization, 5 old carriage way coordinate highway, railroad, canalage, conduit, aviation development, form a network. There is an appropriate scope of use for five modes of transport (Adib K. Kanafani, Katsuhiko Kuroda, 2005).
World economic history shows that economic power must be the great transport country, in other words, economic development is inseparable from the development of transport. On the one hand, the development of transport expands the market exchange area to form a larger market; on the other hand, the transport development itself forms a huge market and stimulates economic development. Moreover, an important reason for why transport development can promote economic development is the decline in transport costs, and such decline expands the economic distance of resource utilization as a result of expanding the scope of the market.
Logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required from the point of production to the customer. Logistics constitutes the basic activities of enterprise value chain, and it is the key for enterprise to gain competitive advantage. As to company, logistics is considered as after lowering material to consume and labor consuming “the third profits source” (MC Cooper, LM Ellram, 1993). One-stop logistics services can play a role in reducing the workforce, increasing productivity, lowering the cost and enhancing the competitiveness. The development of modern logistics industry is a strategic measure for country, and it will make a positive impact on promoting the upgrading of industrial structure, transforming the mode of economic development and enhance national competitiveness. As we all know, transport is an important component part and a key point of modern logistics development.
3.0 Benefits and Risks to the Users of De-regulated Transport
According to market theory, free competition is a competition without government interference. There exists perfect competition when a producer can not affect the market price, that’s to say, each producer is a “price taker”, that he must sell products at current market price. Of course, everything has two sides. While consumers benefit from free competition of transport industry, they are also influenced by its risks.
3.1 Benefits
Legitimate competition manifests a process of point to consumer, and such process will improve the general situation of consumers. In particular, competition would bring in three benefits for consumers.
The first advantage is: healthy competition can make products or services prices fall to reasonable level. Some transport companies who have real strength of support will lower prices of transport services based on transport cost reduction or service innovation. This is not only able to simulate enterprises to constantly enhance the management level and core competitiveness, also increase the users’ delivered value, but also conducive to industrial progress and healthy development.#p#分頁標題#e#
The second advantage is: free competition provides directly to users more choice of products and services. Free competition in the market will break the domination of monopoly, which gives consumers vast space of free choice for trade, customers can select from a large number of businesses providing goods or services that best meet their needs to complete the transaction. In the transport sector, customers will select the appropriate mode of transport and transport companies according to their budget and needs.
The third advantage is: free competition improves indirectly the supply of goods or services. This effect derives from the survival of the fittest mechanism. After consumers complete the selection of trading partners, companies who lose in election will naturally face be eliminated, and then these companies will improve the supply of their goods or services at the pressure of market competition. At the same time, these companies selected will double efforts in improve the supply so that the customers will not drain. As to transport industry, the content and method of providing services is similar, however, in order to seek business opportunity to survive at the fierce competition, it is inevitable choice for some transport companies to improve service delivery, increase value-added services, such as warm service attitude, good transport environment, humane management methods and so on. All of these will increase users’ satisfaction and loyalty.
In short, the results of healthy competition are expected for business, industry and consumers.
3.2 Risks
Competition needs management, because excessive competition is bound to lead to cutthroat competition. Destructive competition will bring business, industry and consumers, high costs, and even threaten their health and lift. Lower prices, lower quality, commercial bribery, collusion, falsification, snatch, all these illegal activities are the performance and result of cutthroat competition. As a malignant tumor, the consequences of cutthroat competition are more terrible than monopoly, and it must be a multi-lose-lose situation. Transport market in the current high-speed development, the contradiction between the capacity and traffic is also increasingly clear. Such contradiction causes regulate competition among transport enterprises such as lower prices, neglect the quality of service. Experts said that this competition not only disrupted transport market, and have brought some car owners compelled to keep working to undo the business losses, followed by the occurrence of modified vehicle, tax evasion, over loading and so on. In addition, because of the vicious competition in the transport industry, some enterprises may hide the operating truth, violate the consumer’s right to know, and even use of unlawful ways to obtain benefits.
Monopoly is always concomitant with the competition, and it is inevitable consequence of free competition moving towards monopoly. Monopoly on the one hand is a reflection of economy of scale, on the other hand is a destruction of competition in the market order, limiting or even eliminating the inherent characteristics of competition (M Mussa, S Rosen, 1978). It is no doubt that runs counter to the pursuit of fair and freedom competition. Transport market monopoly is no doubt that there are mainly two. One is the abuse exploitation of the transport market, mainly in: (1) the transport operators who locate in the dominant market position set a high price to reap monopoly profits. For instance, air transport operators increase the passenger fare. Such acts are the most common, and exert a greatest social influence. (2) Monopoly enterprises provide transport services in the paid, in the same time, request the purchase of other products or services, such as a rail transport operator offering tie-ins with non-compulsory insurance. The other is the horizontal integration of transport market to restrict competition, it is mainly as follows: so as to obtain more market share or profits, transport operators in the same field unified to develop and adjust prices. For example, the civil aviation operators and rail transport operators joint develop a lower price to capture markets in season.#p#分頁標題#e#
Thus, competition needs the government’s macro-control to maintain fair competition and healthy competition. Only fair competition can help the market mechanism to protect the healthy, effective functioning, and the long-term interests of consumers.
4.0 Impacts of Transport on the Environment
Throughout history, transport industry has made great contributions to the world economy. However, development of transport also undermines the survival of our environment, resulting in noise, water, air and other pollutants, consumption of land, energy, and other resources, and it finally restricts economic sustainable development.
4.1 Environmental Pollution
The construction and operation of transport will greatly damage the ecological environment. (1) Air pollution. Automobile exhaust has become a major source of urban air pollution, 90% to 95% of lead and carbon compounds, 60% to 70% of nitrogen hydrogen compounds, are from urban road traffic, 13% of the particulate and 3% of SO emissions is also caused by transport. Road motorized transport is the main cause of regional and global environmental impact, accounting for more than 75% of the amount of pollution (Eran Feitelson, 2002). (2) Noise pollution. Noise affects people’s health and life quality. First of all, noise affects sleep quality, which can cause physical and mental disorders, fatigue and stress, causing high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. For another, noise may disturb a class activity of interpersonal communication. (3) Water pollution. Transport may pollute groundwater, on the one hand, the flow and quality of surface water and groundwater will be changed in transport construction, sometimes leading to floods, soil erosion, silt increase or depletion of groundwater, thus affecting the form of drainage system and groundwater distribution; on the other hand, the particle emissions from transport will pollute the water, also through the drainage system, leading to soil acidification and other forms of soil pollution. In addition, transport will also lead to soil erosion, affecting the ecological balance. Waste materials may cause damage to the natural growth of vegetation, and increase the invasion and destruction of the slope stability.
4.2 Resource Degradation
Transport caused large consumption of many resources. (1) Occupation of land. The transport infrastructure such as rail, road, freight station, wharf, airport, transport service areas takes up a lot of land resources. Roads usually accounts for at least 1/5 of urban area, and railway may account for 4% to 5% of land. At present, 1 km of railway must cover 4.4 to 6.0 hectares, and six-lane highway cover 8.2 hectares per km (P Waddell, 2002). As a result, we should choose a small, high efficiency mode of transport and engineering project to promote the sustainable development of transport. (2) Energy consumption. Energy is an important material basis for economic development. Road construction and maintenance need to consume large amounts of limited resources, including metal, wood, gravel, etc. Transport operation consumes a lot of energy, and in the world’s major developed countries, transport energy consumption in the total national consumption of is around 30%. What’s more, in some developing countries over 80% of all gasoline is consumed in the transport sector, while the energy consumption of road transport system accounts for over 50% (VI Arkhipov, EV Emelianova, GJ Adriaenssens, 2001). (3) Cost of funds. Transport infrastructure investment needs amount of money and long construction time. It is internal requirement for transport reasonable, orderly, sustained and healthy development to prevent blind and repeated construction, to avoid waste of land, capital and other resources.#p#分頁標題#e#
5.0 Green Transportation
Resources are limited, so development of transport must consider the environment tolerance, reducing land, energy, capital and other resources consumption. We have to pay more attention to preventing and reducing the negative impact on the ecological environment as far as possible, helping transport and environment to develop harmoniously and to ensure the quality of life.
5.1 What is Green Transportation
Green Transportation means full use of capacity of resources, and safety, clean, efficient, energy-saving transport (Dan Chiras, 2010). Firstly, implementation of Green Transportation strategy is the need of achieving sustainable development. Sustainable development strategy means that socio-economic development must be linked to natural and social environment to coordinate economic construction and resource, environment to ensure a virtuous circle of society. Secondly, implementation of Green Transportation is the need for global economic integration. With the development of economic globalization, some traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers are gradually diluted. For this, ISO14000 become the gate pass to enter international markets, and it requires enterprises to establish environmental management system so that every aspect of business activities, products and services minimizes the impact on the environment. Thirdly, Green Transportation is the only way to minimize operating costs, improve business productivity and competitiveness. Experts believe that a product from production to sales, manufacturing and processing time only accounts for 10%, while almost 90% of the time is used for logistics process. Thus, the implementation of Green Transportation is not only to save resources and reduce pollution, but also to improve production efficiency.
5.2 How to Construct Green Transportation
First of all, implementation of Green Transportation, good transportation planning is essential. It requires not only the organization of the entire logistics network planning to satisfy the needs of regular transport, but also considers the efficiency, energy saving, safety, low pollution, as far as possible to achieve cycle logistics. Therefore, good management mode, rational organization plan and practical implementation program are required.
Secondly, advanced technology should be adopted. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an accurate, real-time, highly efficient integrated transport management system. Application of ITS can improve road traffic safety, reduce energy consumption, reduce the environmental impact of automotive transport. It is estimated that, ITS will enable the existing highway capacity at least double (AM Crocker, AC Charania, J Olds, 2001).
Thirdly, environment protection can not slack off. Government should increase investment in environment protection while develop transport. Air pollution can be levied for fuel costs, and develop new vehicle emission standards. For noise pollution, it can be improved vehicle technology, laying low noise road, reducing noise reflection or absorption of noise, setting the sound facilities, making traffic restrictions and road planning to reduce the noise source. As for water pollution, it should improve the design of drainage system. In addition, in the design of road, we should establish the “zoology is preferential” concept, and pay attention to minimize damage to the environment. #p#分頁標題#e#
6.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, first of all, there are both advantages and disadvantages for free competition. We should give full play to its strengths, to overcome the shortcomings, in order to serve economic development better. Promoting economic development, it needs not only respect the principle of free competition in the market economy, but also make good use of macro-control measures to strengthen supervision. In addition, the traditional transport had a negative impact to the environment, so we should promote Green Transportation, developing economy based on environmental protection.

留學生環保專業綠色經濟發展dissertationReference
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John L. Hazard. (1977). Transportation: management, economics, policy, Cornell Maritime Press, p30-46.

Adib K. Kanafani, Katsuhiko Kuroda. (2005). Global competition in transportation markets: analysis and policy making, Elsevier Ltd., p68-79.

MC Cooper, LM Ellram. (1993). Characteristics of supply chain management and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, p34-79.

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Eran Feitelson. (2002). Introducing environmental equity dimensions into the sustainable transport discourse: issues and pitfalls, Transportation Research Part D, p100-117.

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VI Arkhipov, EV Emelianova, GJ Adriaenssens. (2001). Effective transport energy versus the energy of most probable jumps in disordered hopping systems, Physical Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, p209-254.

Dan Chiras. (2010). Green Transportation Basics: A Green Energy Guide, New Society Publishers, p23-34.

AM Crocker, AC Charania, J Olds. (2001). An introduction to the rosetta modeling process for advanced space transportation technology investment, Space 2001 Conference & Exposition, p43-78.