Sanitary conditions in Mauritius slaughter houses
導(dǎo)讀：這篇文章主要對毛里求斯屠宰場的衛(wèi)生條件進行分析，同時就大規(guī)模屠宰動物帶來了重大的技術(shù)問題和公共健康問題進行論述，提出解決方案。本文由英國dissertation網(wǎng)留學(xué)生dissertation寫作中心代寫assignment頻道整理提供。
INTRODUCTION
A slaughterhouse, also known as an abattoir is a place where animals are sacrificed for food. It can also be defined as any premises used for the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption. The slaughtering of animals for community consumption is inevitable in most nations of the world and dated back to the ancient times (Bello and Oyedemi, 2009). Public slaughter houses had been traced to Roman civilization and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, and were among the public facilities. In Italy, a law from 1890 stipulated that public abattoir should be provided in all communities comprisingof more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode Loverdo et al. 1906). The animals most commonly killed for food are cattle, sheep (for goat and mutton), pigs (for pork), goats (for chevon), and fowl, largely chickens, turkeys, and ducks, for poultry meat.

The most important issue in all meat-processing plants is maintenance of proper hygiene and adequate sanitary conditions to prevent contamination and in this way caters for a product which is safe and sound for the public. An abattoir as defined above is a building approved and registered by the controlling authority for hygienic slaughtering and inspection of animals, processing and effective preservation and storage of meat products for human consumption (Alonge, 1991), as such the sanitation line in a slaughter house must be flawless.

Slaughtering animals on a large scale brings about significant technical problems and public health concerns. Furthermore, some religions insist on certain specific conditions for slaughtering practices so that slaughter within slaughter houses may change. As such abattoirs commence the chain of the meat industry, where livestock come from farms for processing and dressing and passes through markets to enter the food chain (Wikipedia Encyclopedia).

The values, morals, ethics and regulations ruling slaughter houses changes significantly throughout the world. In several countries the slaughter of animals is delimited by folklore and traditions instead of the law. In the non-Western world, including Muslim countries both forms of meat are obtainable, that is product from modern mechanized slaughter houses, and the other from local meat shops.

The situation in Mauritius is typically representative of the conflict between modern processes and religious practices with regards to the slaughtering of animals for the supply of meat to the population. Over the last few decades there have been important developments meat inspection systems in slaughter houses. As compared to the most highly developed countries which have taken the lead in bringing about changes in the meat inspection procedures in slaughterhouses by enacting new legislations (These new laws have been reproduced by the Codex Alimentarius in its Codes of Good Practice and this resulted in the homogenization of the world trade in foodstuffs) (Schnller, 2006), we, on the national level, are dealing with a more pious look over the slaughtering industry which is delimited by religious practices. As per the legislation enforced in Mauritius, the Mauritius Meat Authority is the only institution empowered to deal with the slaughtering of animals.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Aim
The aim of the study is to carry out an assessment on the sanitary conditions prevailing in slaughter houses in Mauritius.

Objectives
The main purpose of this survey is to know to what extent are the workmen of slaughter houses aware of importance of sanitary practices and what it entails, to see if sanitary practices are respected and analyse the possible route by which contamination by pathogenic micro organisms may occur in slaughter houses.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Sanitation in the slaughter house
Thewordsanitationcomesfromthelatinwordsanitas,whichmeans health, it has many different meanings but it can be generally defined as the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Such hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease (Wikipedia Encyclopedia).

The slaughter house should be constructed in such a way as to respect all the norms and regulations and planned such that all processes runs smoothly without contaminating or hindering the quality of the end product.

Primarily there are several key factors that a slaughter house should observe to be able to satisfy the necessary conditions which will contribute to adequate sanitation for the prevention of contamination.

PROPER INFRASTRUCTURES AND PLANNING OF THE SLAUGHTER HOUSE
Site of building
Ideally the slaughterhouse should be located away from residential areas to prevent possible inconvenience to dwelling-places either by way of pollution from slaughter wastes or by way of nuisance from noise (FAO Animal Production and Health Paper - 49). There must be free access for animals to the site by road and the slaughterhouse should be situated in areas where flooding is unlikely to happen. If the slaughterhouse is of regular buildings construction the ground should be free of bushes or vegetation in the vicinity of the structure (FAO, 1985).

Size
The amount of animals to be slaughtered should take into account the the size of slaughter facility and the number of animals to be slaughtered is of great importance to avoid sanitary problems due to overcrowding (Tove, 1985).

Building / facility
The building or facility of such process has normally been described as places which stands for good sanitation and hygiene. According to the norms stipulating such process the building should normally have clean and unclean processes separated.

Walls and Floors
The flooring of the facility which is one of the major source of contamination must be hard, free of cracks, evenly leveld and impervious, and sloping adequately towards a drain to allow cleaning with water and disinfection. The walls as well must be smooth enough to be easily cleaned by water, and recommended materials are, for instance, stone, lava blocks, bricks or concrete. To provide shade, a good environment and finally to keep down the internal temperature in the slaughter line, a roof made up of concrete would be ideal (P.J. Eriksen, 1978).#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

lighting system
As a matter of hygiene, the slaughterhouse should have a proper lighting system inside the slaughter line to allow proper functioning and avoid accidents and moreover will act as a deterrent to insects and rodents.

Ventilation system
The internal temperature inside the slaughter house shall be maintained to prevent proliferation of unwanted micro organisms and also to cater for a good working environment.

Equipment
Equipment for undergoing such process, normally have to follow certain norm and regulation, it has been reported that such equipments have to be of non-corrosive materials, for example stainless steel and structures like tables, hooks and machines should be that they are easy to disassemble to facilitate cleaning and disinfection. The key step for the hygienic handling of carcasses is the equipment for elevating the carcass when slaughtered. In the processing line cranes are preferred to working tables due to hygienic practices. Procedures assuring continuous cleaning of hoists are recommended and should be performed on a periodical basis. However the cleaning and disinfection is usually complicated or simply impossible because of the complexity of the machines (Tove, 1985).

Water supply
Water is a vehicle for the transmission of several agents of disease and continues to cause significant outbreaks of disease in developed and developing countries (Kirby, 2003).

A cholera epidemic in Jerusalem in 1970 was traced back to the consumption of salad vegetables which were irrigated with raw waste water (Shuval, 1986).
In Canada, an outbreak of E.coli was reported (Kondro, 2000) and
In the USA, Cryptosporidium affected approximately 400,000 consumers and caused 45 deaths and in 1993 due to the consumption of contaminated water (Kramer, 1996, Hoxie, 1997).
Since slaughtering is a process which generates a lot of wastes, to cater for the good running of the processes and minimize contamination, there should be a good supply of water of drinking quality to allow processing and cleaning procedures which will assure hygienic quality products. Working routines should be planned in such a way as to economically use the consumption of water because of waste water disposal (Tove, 1985).

Sanitary facilities
Several water points, sterilizers for hand tools, hoses and cleaning equipment is the key to provide a good standard of hygiene and must be provided sufficiently. The availability of hot water in preference to chemical disinfectants should be supplied with the sterilizers where possible (Tove, 1985).

Sanitary facilities must also include an adequate number of toilets and arrangements for hand-washing and even for bathing (showering). Such facilities must be clean and well kept at all times and the toilets should possess hand wash basins along with soap, disinfectants, antiseptics, nailbrushes and clean towels readily available. A mess room for resting and eating should be provided to the staff and as such be separated from the processing line to assure that the carcasses and the food for the personnel cannot be mixed (FAO animal production and health paper; 53).#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
As in all sectors of hygiene, the external and internal environment of the slaughter house should be protected against any infestation. Insects, birds and rodents have been recognized as important carriers of pathogens and other micro organisms (Olsen and Hammack, 2000). To avoid these, a strict control should be exerted over the following:

Pests Control
Good Hygienic Practices (GMP) should be employed to avoid generating an environment favorable to pests (CAC, 1997). A control system for pest control must include the following:

Good Hygienic Practices should be used to avoid creating an environment conducive to pests
Pest control programs could include preventing access to principle site, eliminating harbourage and establishing monitoring detection and eradication systems.
Physical, chemical and biological agents should be properly applied by suitably qualified personnel.

Proper fencing
The aim is to prevent access of unauthorized persons, the public in general, dogs and other animals around the slaughterhouse premises. The fencing should have direct contact with the ground and should be sufficiently high to prevent access inside the premises.

Bird control
The best control is to prevent them from accessing the buildings by placing nets on the openings and windows. Allowing birds to fly inside the slaughter house might cause contamination through its droppings. Bird are often attracted by food supplies, water, special vegetation around buildings, and these attractants should be removed.

SLAUGHTERING PROCESSING（英國dissertation網(wǎng)http://www.400190.com/）
The hallmark for hygiene principle in processing is that the procedures considered as clean and considered as unclean should be efficiently separated. This requires a well-structured plant layout, where the purpose of any structure should be the protection of the end product against accidental contamination (Tove, 1985).

Transport
The animals are hauled from pastures or farms to the slaughterhouse. All necessary precautions during transportation should be considered to minimize stress and injury to the animals and as such will cater for the good quality of the end product (Tove, 1985). Road transport is probably the cheaper and more convenient means for conveying animals. Below are some precautions that are worthwhile during road transporting of the animals to slaughter:

a.The transport facility should be designed and modified to convey the stock;
b.they should provide for sufficient ventilation and lighting;
c.for open trucks the top should be covered with a tarpaulin to protect the animals from bad weather conditions,
d.they should be equipped with appropriate loading and unloading mechanisms to prevent injuries, and most importantly;
e.they should be as comfortable as possible for the animals.
Source: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper - 49, Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Lairage
Lairage is a place where livestock are kept temporarily (Microsoft Encarta 2008) and in our present situation is a specific area inside the premises of a slaughter house where the animals are conveyed for rest. Rest is an important factor because when animals are stressed, carcasses of lower quality result from slaughter. There should be sufficient space for the animals and a good supply of potable water for drinking purposes. A washing system where the animals can be cleaned before passing to the slaughter house is generally recommended (FAO animal production and health paper; 53).

Source: Heinz G, Abattoir development. Options and designs for hygienic basic and medium-sized abattoirs, 2009.

Stunning, slaughtering and bleeding
Common methods for stunning consists of:

Captive Bolt Pistol (CBP)
This stunning method is extensively used for all agrarian animals. Gun powder (cartridge), compressed air and spring under tension propels the bolt through the skull of animals. The name ?captive? means that the bolt is shot out of the barrel but remains in the pistol.
Concussion stunning: A mechanically operated instrument which delivers a blow to the brain. Used for cattle, sheep and calves. Another method which consisted of knocking or striking a hammer on the head of the animal is now banned with regards to humane practices in some countries.
Free bullets: are generally used on animals which are difficult to handle for instance, wild pigs, bison and deer.
Electric Stunning
Head-Only Stunning: generally cattle, sheep, pork and are all stunned by the use of this method. The technique involves the application an electric shock using a pair of tongs on either side of the animals head. An electric current is passed through the brain and this leads to the temporary loss of consciousness.
Source: The Slaughter of Livestock (part 2): Modern Techniques of Slaughtering by M.Abdulsalam Slaughtering and Bleeding
After stunning, the animal is vertically hanged lifting the animal (head down) to a convenient height. The bleeding operation is made by inserting a knife through the neck behind the jaw bone and below the first neck bone. The aim is to sever the carotid artery and jugular vein (Pig slaughtering,and let the blood to drain out. The exsanguination process should be as fast and complete as possible due to hygienic norms since insufficient bleeding and slow death could result in blood clotting in the deep tissues and this might be hazardous in the later stages of slaughtering. Elevation bleeding is more hygienic and is preferred other alternatives as it decreases the potential risk of contaminating the carcass (Heinz, 2008).

This process is usually separated from the operations which will follow. If the blood is not intended for use it should be drained away into a separate pit and should not be allowed to drain into the waste water (Tove, 1985).

Skinning /dehairing
The process will vary according to animal (pigs and cattle). Such process consists of removing the skin of animals. Cutting of the skin is made around the leg with the perspective of exposing and loosen the tendon of the animals lower leg joint to be used for hanging the carcass, following which the entire skin is removed and the body is prepared for evisceration (Heinz, 2008). This process is usually meant for cattle, goat, deer and sheep. Whereas dehairing is a process normally done in the slaughter of pigs which consists of releasing the bled animal into a pool of boiling water for a couple of minutes and then pulling it out for removal of the hairs before proceeding for evisceration.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Evisceration
Evisceration is the process which consists of removing the internal organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The internal organs are also known as offal and they falls into two categories:

Red offal such as the heart, liver and lungs (pluck).
Grey offal such as the stomach or intestine (paunch).
To avoid contamination of the carcass through accidental punctures of the intestines and stomach, it is important that the carcass is placed in the hanging position. The body cavity is severed and the intestinal mass and the stomach (the paunch) are pushed slightly out. The liver is held out care is taken not to spill its bitter contents onto the carcass and as such spoil the taste of the meat. The last stage in evisceration is the removal of the contents from the chest cavity. By cutting the diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the belly, the pluck can be pulled out as a unit (Heinz, 2008). Leakage from the rectum is prevented by tying the anus with a process called bagging.

Splitting and trimming
The carcass is cut down along the backbone and split into two sides using a brisket saw and is then subjected to inspection from an authorized officer for detection of diseases . Trimming is a process that should be performed by trained employees and consists of the removal of visible contamination. All equipment (hooks and knives) should be sanitized between each use to reduce cross-contamination between areas. Carcasses which have been railed out for visible contamination, such as fecal contamination, should be re-conditioned as quickly as possible to get the carcass through the process and back into the system (Harris and Savell et al., 2003).

Delivery
After undergoing all processes in the slaughter line, the carcass is weighed and finally labeled for identification and send for delivery on the local markets.

PRECAUTIONS THAT HAVE TO BE MAINTAINED IN THE SLAUGHTERING PROCESS AS PER HEINZ (2008) INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING:
Disinfection on entering the premises
Every time an authorized officer or member of the staff is to enter the slaughter house, he should undergo a process of disinfection by dipping his boots in a footbath, which is a basin situated at each entrance of the slaughter line, to avoid carrying infectious agents that might stick to the boots via soil particles.

Bleeding and exsanguinations
The knife used to slaughter each animal should be cleaned and rinsed in hot water. It is known that a contaminated knife can pass on bacteria into the animal tissues during the initial stages of bleeding, that is, when the heart is still in pumping.

Skinning
Knife skinning and the use of bare hands can similarly hosts contaminating organisms on the surface of the carcass. As such washing of the hands is a must after the passage of each carcass to avoid contamination of same.

Evisceration
Extreme care should be emphasized on not to puncture the intestines. The slaughtermen should follow the procedure of tying the end part of the intestine and the severed end of the esophagus, then removing intestine and stomach first, followed by the pluck ( heart, liver, and lungs of an animal used as meat, Microsoft Encarta, 2008). The pluck should be hung on a hook while the paunch (stomach) should be dropped in a paunch container. As a matter of hygiene, the stomach and intestines should not be processed while carcass dressing is in operation as any minor splash from same can easily cause contamination of the meat.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Washing
Is a process by which the carcasses undergoes washing with clean potable water. If water is a problem then a dry slaughter process by trained slaughtermen should be used as alternative as it is more appropriate as a safety measure for carcasses to be dry clean than to contaminate them with polluted water.

Offal handling
The offals (stomach and intestines) are the organs from the carcass which contains the greatest load of infectious organisms and for preventive measure must be moved to a separated chamber provided for them. At first they should be emptied of their contents, dried, then cleansed with water.

Personnel
The personal hygiene of the workmen is a primordial factor in slaughtering operations, the reason is simply that contamination of food and disease transmission as such depend equivalently upon the human factor as well as on the tools and mode of operation. Transfer of microorganisms by personnel particularly from hands is of vital importance (Chen et al.2001, Montville, 2001, Bloomfield, 2003). During handling, bacteria are transferred from contaminated hands of workers to the food and subsequently to other surfaces (Montville, 2002). Low infectious doses of organisms such as shigella and pathogenic Escherichia coli have been linked to hands as a source of contamination (Snyder, 1998). Poor hygiene, particularly deficient or absence of hand washing has been identified as the causative mode of transmission (Reji, 2003). Proper hand washing and disinfection has been recognized as one of the most effective ways to control the spread of pathogens, especially when considered along with the restriction of sick workers (Alder, 1999, Montville, 2001). Moreover persons with unhygienic habits like spitting, coughing and nose-blowing should not be under umployment. As such it is important to allow access only to the staff into the premises at the time of slaughter and they should be wearing the proper attire, e.g. clean trousers and wearing appropriate waterproof aprons. Boots as well should be worn with the trousers neatly folded inside. And the hallmark is that the workers must strictly abide to a formal code of hygiene.

Hand-washing
As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): "It is well-documented that one of the most important measures for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective hand washing" .

Fundamentally the good habit of careful and frequent hand-washing will definitely reduce contamination. Therefore hand-washing facilities with sufficient water supply is a must in such a delicate process of this kind. Basically the mess room and the working area is where there should be several hand-washing points. If it is situated away from working places, the risk that they will not be used is higher and would probably result in contamination of the meat (Tove, 1985).

Hand-washing should be done by all members if the working staff:
before starting slaughter
after being to the toilets#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
after being into contact with dirty objects and materials
after smoking and eating
The staff should understand that hands is prone to contamination if used for scratching the skin, the hair, clothes and picking the nose. Such acts may cause bacteria to be transmitted to the hands and thereafter infect the meat which is handled by the same hands. The management of slaughter house should provide antiseptic soap or germicidal, coupled with the use of brush for washing of hands since bacteria are often under the nails (FAO animal production and health paper; 53).

Cleaning Operations
For the purpose of sanitation clean water is usually required for the cleaning of equipment, tools floors and walls. Such operation normally starts with removal of solid waste of meat and fat trimmings, pieces of bones, blood clots by scrubbing them off the floor. High pressure water cleaning begins from the walls and finally ends with the floors. Hot water hosing under pressure would be ideal for removing sticky waste from corners and drains.

For scrubbing of other surfaces such as tables, and tools, the use of hard fibre brushes and detergents is suggested. Liquid detergents are more effectual than ordinary soaps, since they dissolve easily in water while absorbing dirt, which is finally removed by flushing. Powdered soap may also be dissolved in water and used. Knives also should be sterilized or boiled in water.

Source: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper - 49, Manual for the slaughter of small ruminants in developing countries, 1985.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNHYGIENIC SLAUGHTERING（英國dissertation網(wǎng)http://www.400190.com/）
There are many different ways by which an infectious organism can make its way through the slaughtering process of animals and cause very subsequent diseases. Below is some of the common diseases related to slaughter houses:
Anthrax is a naturally-occurring bacterial disease of animals caused by Bacillus anthracis, which forms spores that generally survive for years in the environment. Cattle, sheep, and goats are at the highest risk but humans can also contract the disease. Most animals are infected by oral ingestion of soil contaminated with the spores.

People may acquire anthrax when in contact with infected hides or hair of animals. The organism is inhaled from contaminated dust, or is eaten in undercooked meat from infected animals, or even penetrates a wound in the skin. Animals that died of anthrax may have blood secreted from the mouth, nose, and anus (Pelzer .K and Currin .N).

In slaughtering process, the bacteria can be transferred from hides of infected animals to the hides of the healthy ones during the immediate pre-slaughter phase in lairage (Small and Buncic, 2009). As such if no particular precaution is taken when removing the hides, the probability of contaminating the carcass is very high.

Brucellosis
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by contact with animals carrying bacteria called Brucella which affects a wide variety of animals including dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses. The disease has been known as Malta fever, Bang's disease, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, and goat fever (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). Humans can be infected if in contact with infected meat or placenta of infected animals.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

The slaughter of undetected a diseased animal is a threat since contamination may result if, for instance, blood from the infected carcass came into contact with the knife of the slaughterman and the same knife is being used for processing another uninfected carcass during the slaughtering.

In case of ingestion of infected meat, symptoms in humans are undulating fever, headache, joint pain, weakness, and night sweats (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). People who handle meat should wear PPE such as protective glasses and clothing for protection of wounds from infection. Detecting infected animals prior to slaughter controls the infection at its source. Vaccination is actually available for cattle, but not humans (Franco et al, Goldman et al. 2007).

Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (E. coli) are bacteria which is normally found as a normal flora in the intestines of people and animals. One can get infected after handling or being exposed to feces of a carrier animal (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Animals usually carry it without causing disease however when humans are infected, the toxins causes serious illness which ranges from diarrhoea to kidney failure. Personal hygiene is very important, particularly after contact with animal feces, since very few organisms are required to cause infection in humans (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988).

E-coli can be easily contaminate the carcass in the slaughtering process if ;

1.for instance the worker does not wash his hands after being to the toilet, the bacteria will be transferred when handling the meat.
2.care is not taken at the evisceration step when disemboweling the carcass, as such if the intestines get perforated and intestinal matter comes into contact with the meat ( Heinz, 2008)
Prevention focuses on hand washing and proper hygiene. Hands and all equipments should be properly disinfected after touching or handling raw meat (Pelzer .K and Currin .N).

Salmonellosis (Gastroenteritis)
Salmonella sp. are bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of carrier animals. The bacteria are shed into the faeces of animals which are particularly stressed during steps such as being yarded and transported (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988).

As in E-coli contamination, salmonella can be transferred to the carcass in the slaughtering line by:

1.slaughtermen who are handling meat after being to the toilet without proper hand washing,
2.fecal matter being in contact with the meat at the evisceration process, if the anus is not bagged properly, and
3.also if the intestines get punctured upon removal and intestinal matter is in contact with the meat.
If hands are not properly washed after contact with infected feces, the accidental ingestion of bacteria may occur (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Infection also occurs as a result of equipments that are unsanitary. Symptoms generally includes fever, foul smelling diarrhea, and severe dehydration, especially in young children and infants. Life-threatening diseases like meningitis and septicemia may also occur (Montes and DuPont, 2004).#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Q-fever (Query fever)
Q fever is a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, liver, heart, and other parts of the body. It is found around the world and is caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. The bacteria affects sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, cats, birds and rodents as well as some other animals (Goldman and Ausiello, 2007). Humans normally acquire fever, night sweats, and pneumonia and hepatitis in the worst cases (Pelzer .K and Currin .N). Abattoir workers (particularly those dealing with foetuses), veterinarians and farm workers ) are the people who are most at risk of contracting this disease (Stevenson and Hughes, 1988).

In slaughtering meat can be contaminated in the process of evisceration whereby feces of contaminated animals have been transferred to the hands of the slaughterman which in turn contaminates other healthy carcasses.

To prevent further spread of Q fever, dead fetuses and reproductive tissues should be buried or burned. Wearing of protective equipment such as gloves and eyewear (PPE) when assisting in birthings and washing of hands thoroughly afterward are highly recommended (Pelzer .K and Currin .N).

LAWS PERTAINING TO THE SLAUGHTERING INDUSTRY IN MAURITIUS
Nowadays not all people are entitled to slaughter animals as it used to be in the past. There are norms and standard which have been set up by the necessary authority to guarantee the safety of the end product to the public. As such in each country there is an institution which is responsible for maintaining this hallmark. In our present situation the regulating body responsible for slaughtering in Mauritius is the MAURITIUS MEAT AUTHORITY (MMA).

The main lines of the responsibilities of this body (as stated in the Meat Act 1974)lies in the slaughter, dressing and transportation of cattle, goats, pigs, sheep and deer meat to the local markets and for the issue of licences of meat shops and to persons and premises in connection with slaughter of animals for meat.

The Meat Authority was established by the Meat Act 1974 under section 3 for the purpose of fulfilling the following operations (as stated in the Act):-

a.Ensure that slaughter is done in line with hygienic, sanitary and environmental norms.
b.Ensure that only carcasses fit for human consumption are released for sale.
c.Operate a fleet of meat vans for delivery of carcasses.
d.License persons and premises for the sale of fresh meat.
e.Assist in the marketing of locally produced meat.
f.Assist the parent Ministry in regulating the imports of livestock for slaughter.
g.Act as facilitator to all members of the meat livestock industry.
And under section 4 of the same Act, the powers of the Meat Authority are to:-

a.establish and manage abattoirs:
b.purchase and import livestock for slaughter;
c.market meat, meat products and by-products of the slaughtering process;
d.construct, maintain, and rent places for the sale of meat, meat products or by-products of the slaughtering process;#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
e.control and regulate the sale of meat and meat products;
f.licence persons and premises in connection with the slaughter of animals for meat, and the preparation, processing, packing and marketing of meat;
g.with the approval of the Minister of Commerce and Industry, fix the price of meat and meat products.
HEALTH AND SAFETY CONTROL
According to Section 5, PART II, of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005(Appendix 2) employers must provide employees with a safe working environment, and according to Section 14 of the Duties of employees of Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005, employees should use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes head caps, rubber boots, aprons, gloves, respirators, goggles while performing work where there could be injury risks. Therefore both employers and employees must abide to these laws respectively. A First Aid Kit Box should be available on site in case of injury.

METHODOLOGY
Approach
For this project, consultations of related web sites, books, notes and scientific journals in documentation centres have been carried out. Information gathering was made possible by interviewing officers and staff in the field of slaughtering and upon the site visits to three different slaughter houses (as there are only three major slaughter houses which are entitled to the slaughtering of animals in Mauritius as per the Meat Act 1974), to assist at the processing and dressing steps of the slaughtering of cattle, goat, deer and pig.

A survey was carried out in the different slaughter houses whereby all the staff of the central abattoir (beef slaughter house = 41, goat slaughter house =17 and pig slaughterhouse =22) was interviewed.

The use of interviews as a data collection started with the assumption that the participants views are meaningful and precise. Interviews consisted of meticulously elaborated questions with principal target of obtaining information on the state of the slaughter houses, the norms and standards ruling the slaughtering processes in relation to sanitary practices.

Information collection
All interviews were done face to face in Creole and it took about 20 minutes per interview. All respondents were very keen to participate in answering the questions with the exception of certain who were reluctant.

Utmost care was taken so that all the questions were clearly understood by the interviewers as any misunderstanding might contribute to inaccuracies in the information collected.

Problems encountered
The slaughter houses could not provide me with information as to how much meat is processed on a yearly basis which might be an imperative of the administration.

In a view to avoid biasness from the staff interviewed, several surprise visits had to be effected to confirm their answers to the questionnaires. As such the survey lasted for about 12 weeks.

RESULTS AND FINDINGS（英國dissertation網(wǎng)http://www.400190.com/#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#）
All the observations and outcome that follows resulted from several site visits and interviews carried out at the central abattoir over a period of about 12 weeks to assess the sanitary conditions prevailing in the different slaughter houses. The main building comprises of three different slaughter houses for slaughtering of cattle (beef), goat ( also sheep and deer) and pig, together with their respective delivery services. Due to social, cultural and religious reasons, each section of the abattoir is manned by a separate team of workers and, as such, there is no flexibility of the staff between the different slaughter houses. The results have been sub-divided into different categories and are as follows:

Site of building and infrastructure
The premises of the abattoir is enclosed by a concrete wall of about 3 meters in height. The only access to the slaughter house is through the front gate which is guarded by a security officer. As such unauthorized people, the public in general, dogs and other animals cannot approach the site.

Floors and Walls
C:\Users\Gro la Zou\Desktop\project serious now\Abattoir+ wedd yohan\DSC01914.JPGIt was noted that the walls and floors of the three slaughter houses have been constructed in the same way and were made up of concrete. Moreover, they were covered with a thick yellow anti-slippery painting which allows easy cleaning. The walls are also recovered by a grey painting which facilitates the cleaning processes. As per observation it was noted that the walls from the three slaughter houses were free from cracks and fissures.

Drains
C:\Users\Gro la Zou\Desktop\project serious now\Abattoir+ wedd yohan\DSC01914.JPGThe floors have been designed in such a way that it slopes down towards a central drain situated in the middle of the slaughter line in both the beef, goat and pig slaughter houses. It is large enough to allow all effluents (waste water and fecal matters) to be easily washed away. Moreover the drain can also be easily cleansed since the metallic cover is removable.

Equipments
•All the equipments provided in the slaughter houses consist of non-corrosive materials, generally made up of stainless steel.
Water supply
The central abattoir is provided with an external water pump which distributes a very good water supply to the different slaughter houses. There is no shortage or reduction in the supply of water to the abattoir thus allowing the slaughter houses to work at full regime without interruption and furthermore cleaning procedures can be carried out properly.

A good ventilation is provided inside all the slaughter houses. The beef slaughter line consists of wide openings situated on the walls above 2 meters from the floor and they are fitted with fly proof nettings together with several air extractors (see the circles in the photographs) whereas the goat and pig slaughter houses have only extractors as ventilation.

Sanitary facilities
Upon several site visits to the different slaughter houses, It was noted that each slaughter house is provided with toilets which are separated from the slaughter line and sanitizers and disinfectants for hands are placed at the diaposal of the staff together with soaps. Moreover, they were found to be in a relatively clean state. The only minus is that there is no provision for hot water in these toilets.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Shower facilities are also given to the staff as a matter of hygiene and these also are separated from the slaughter lines.

Environmental hygiene
The central abattoir is actually contracting a private company for rodent and pest control. The responsible officers of the respective slaughter houses have confirmed that rodent control is

carried out on a monthly basis. It was also noted that baits and traps were placed in several different places in the slaughter houses premises.

A wire netting is actually placed above the corridor of the beef slaughter house to prevent birds and other animals to access inside the slaughter line. Moreover all windows present are fitted with fly proof nets.

Cleaning procedures
To maintain a good standard of sanitation in the different slaughter houses, cleaning operations are carried out several times per day. During the site visits it was noted that the cleansing of the slaughter line was done, using a high pressure hydro jet industrial machine, after each batch of slaughtered animals. And at the end of each working day a general washing was done using a chemical disinfectant (Cernol ADP) for the floor.

PERCEPTION OF HYGIENE BY THE STAFF
As per the survey, the majority of the employees of the slaughter houses has been up to the primary level of education (see table below) and generally they seems to have a relatively good knowledge of what is hygiene, which is explained by their working experience.

DISCUSSION
The first aim of this survey was to see to what extent sanitary practices are held in slaughter houses and also to have an overview of the perception of hygienic procedures in same.

The general conditions of the sanitation with regards to the maintenance of the cleanliness on the slaughter line of the different slaughter houses is done in view of providing an good working environment and a place which is unfavorable to the contamination of animal carcasses since the policy of the central abattoir is to provide a safe product to the public.

It should be pointed out that slaughter houses are places where there is constant presence of body fluids, waste water and other potential contaminants and that contamination of animal carcasses during slaughtering may took place if the processing equipment or members of the personnel are already loaded with pathogenic bacteria. But in contrast, it is also possible that the livestock were already contaminated before arriving at the abattoir since live animals are regarded as important sources of contamination in slaughterhouses (Bouvet et al. 2003).

A recent study showed that harborage of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on animal hides at slaughter is the main source of carcass contamination during processing (Arthur et al. 2007). This bring about the importance of taking care for not injuring and causing the animals to be stressed during transportation since they might defecate and as such be contaminated with the above mentioned pathogens which are naturally present in feces.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Furthermore many studies such as the one carried out by Montville (2002) established that during handling, bacteria may be transferred from contaminated hands of workers to food and subsequently to other surfaces. This point is very important since the personnel of the slaughter houses can be directly responsible for the contamination of the slaughtered carcasses. For instance it should be stressed that the slaughter house personnel is to abide by a code of hygiene to avoid such contamination. Certainly if one staff has been to the toilets and afterwards resumed his duty on the slaughter line without proper hand washing and start manipulating animal carcasses, obviously the risk of contamination with E-coli or salmonella.

But upon what have been observed during the site visits, there is a lack of proper knowledge of the good hygienic practices, to be used in abattoirs, from the working staff of the slaughter houses. The personnel is conscious that they are working with for the public and that they should provide good hygienic product. The fact is that they observe personal hygiene pertaining to their selves but actually they are not aware of the true consequences of an action like, for instance washing away blood from the floor of the slaughter line or equipment with a hose while carcasses are still being dressed will have (from observations made on the processing and dressing line see the fig. below).There might be splashes which will come onto contact with the carcass and this eventually can cause contamination.

The reason for which the personnel is working like this is due to the fact that they have been working in the slaughter houses since very long when the central abattoir has just been set up in 1974 (see the tables below for working experience in the abattoir and the age group of the staff). Most of the staff is more than 40 years of age, so eventually at that time there was no strict control as it is nowadays regarding hygiene at work and moreover as per the results there is a great majority of the personnel who does not possess a medical certificate, which show that they have not undergone training on good hygienic practices for food handling.

There are also several little details that have been noticed like carrying the pluck of animals in platic crates. This is a normal action for delivering the meat after being inspected by a veterinary officer, but the point is that placing the crate directly on the floor (as shown in the diagram) which filled with pathogenic organisms will definitely cause contamination of the product and as such is Not recommended should be avoided at all cost.

Conclusion
The truth is that contamination is likely to happen at any stage of the slaughtering process, starting from the transportation to the end of the slaughter and dressing to the final delivery. Lack of appropriate and unsatisfactory slaughtering techniques may cause unnecessary losses in meat. However the most probable source of contamination is the personnel since they are the potential source of coliform in contact with the meat. Actually we can say that bacteria can be transferred by the personnel to the carcasses and subsequently to other surfaces which itself can cause further contamination or vice versa. The last word would be that contamination can be limited and minimized if the staff is adhering to strict hygienic and sanitary practices.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Recommendations
Improvements are needed in slaughter houses structure and installations, in the way slaughter house workers do their job. Pathogenic microorganisms may be transferred to the carcasses as described in the literature review, however the personnel could be the most important source for contaminating the meat and the processing equipment. To reduce the level of these microorganisms there need to be the application of good hygiene and sanitary procedures.

One of the key factors in achieving such goal is through the proper training of the personnel with regards to the good hygienic practices to be adopted in slaughtering and that the administration should provide for the procurement of a food handlers certificate( medical certificate) for the employees, even though all the personnel undergoes regular medical check ups.
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